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Instrumental case (abbreviated as INS) is the grammatical case that marks tools and means of an action. In Nûrlâm it is marked with postposition “-irzi” for declension class I and “-rzi” for declension class II, which can be translated into English as “by”, “by means of”, “with use of”, “using”, “through (use of)”, “via”, etc. Instrumental case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into adverbial. Typical applications of instrumental case in Nûrlâm include:
Instrumental case is not used when translating preposition “by” from English in following cases:
examples needed
Instrumental case should not be mixed with comitative case. While both may be translated into English with preposition “with”, comitative case is used when word “together” may be added before it without affecting the sense. “Sauron conquered Gondor (together) with Saruman” vs. “Sauron conquered Gondor with aid of Saruman”.