Suffix is called inflectional if it changes grammatical properties of the word without modifying its syntactic/lexical category, word class or part of speech. But many grammatical categories in Nûrlâm are expressed by clitics instead. Participle and infinitive suffixes may be also treated as derivational suffixes depending on the point of view (if participles are considered as separate lexical categories or as forms of verbs, but in this wiki the second opinion is used). Finally a table of common inflectional suffixes:
add suffixes of aspect
| Suffix | Etymology | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -â | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb “-a”; compare with HORN suffix “-a” with meaning “one who does” and SV suffix “-a” often used to make verbs from nouns | 3rd person singular verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | pushd- (to stink) ⇒ bag pushdâ (shit stinks) |
| -ag | NL, in analogy with -ug — -uga | present passive participle | faik (to win) ⇒ faikag (being defeated) |
| -aga | HG < misprint of EL -uga (see below) in VT 13 | past passive participle | dul- (to damage) ⇒ dulaga urukirzi (damaged by orcs) |
| -âk | HG1) < MB | verb in passive voice | orsk- (to steal) ⇒ nazg orskâkuzâ (ring was stolen) |
| -ar | LOS | comparative form of adjectives and adverbs | bhog (good) ⇒ bhogar (better) |
| -at | TK, CBS, RI | gerundive | gimb (find) ⇒ gimbat (to find, for finding, to be found) |
| -az | LOS | superlative form of adjectives | bhog (good) ⇒ bhogaz (the best) |
| -b | see -ob | genitive case for declension class II | ta (he) ⇒ tab (his) |
| -îm | NL < Quenya “immo” (self) | normally a reflexive pronoun, but may be used with verbs as suffix of reflexive voice | dogut (to kill) ⇒ dogutîm (to commit suicide, to be killed by accident and own carelessness) |
| -irzi | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case for declension class I | bazg (hand) ⇒ bazgirzi (by hand) |
| -ish | NL < LOS “izish” (me) | accusative case for declension class I | lat (thou, you) ⇒ latish (thee, you) |
| -ob | EL | genitive case for declension class I | lûg (dragon) ⇒ lûgob (dragon's, of dragon) |
| -rzi | see -irzi | instrumental case for declension class II | snaga (slave) ⇒ snagarzi (by slaves) |
| -sh | see -ish | accusative case for declension class II | ta (he) ⇒ tash (him) |
| -sha | TK, DBS, OC | comitative case | shauk (friend) ⇒ shauksha (together with friends) |
| -sha | TK, DBS, OC | rarely used with verbs as cooperative voice | bulut (to work) ⇒ bulutsha (to cooperate, work together) |
| -si | NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui” (as, like) | essive case | shauk (friend) ⇒ shauktabsi (as your friend) |
| -û | rare SV “-û”, LOS “-u” | plural number suffix for declension class I | uruk (orc) ⇒ urukû (orcs) |
| -û | NL < AN “-ut” + rare SV “-û” (plural suffix) | 3rd person plural verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | gimb (to find) ⇒ uruk gimbû (orcs are discovering) |
| -ub | AN | future tense suffix | krimp- (to tie) ⇒ takrimpub (he will tie) |
| -ug | EL, AA < TK DBS OC “pushdug” (stinking) | present active participle | mat- (to die) ⇒ matug (dying) |
| -uga | EL, participle II | present passive participle | akr- (to drink) ⇒ luntal akraga (drunken sailor) |
| -ulg | NL < LOS “shulg” (would) < SV “shulg” (wood)2) | subjunctive mood or future-in-the-past tense | pâsh (can) ⇒ pâshulg (could) |
| -ûr | EL | dative case for declension class I | golug (elf) ⇒ golugûr (for elf) |
| -ut | NL | infinitive | gimb- (to find) ⇒ gimbut (to find) |
| -uz | LOS | past tense suffix | thrak- (to bring) ⇒ tathrakuz (he brought) |
| -z | EL | plural number suffix for declension class II | tau (forest) ⇒ tauz (forests) |
| -zûr | NL < EL “-ûr” | dative case for declension class II | piraga (halfling) ⇒ piragazûr (for halfling) |
This table contains only those case suffixes that belongs to grammatical and marginal case. For locative case endings see full chart of case postpositions. Suffixes of aspect are also not listed, as they may be treated as clitic adverbs.