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--- case_comitative [2020/08/25 10:40] – morgoth
+++ case_comitative [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-<WRAP center round todo 60%>
-<todo>Translate examples</todo>
-</WRAP>
 ====== Comitative case ======
-**//Comitative case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as COM) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] that denotes accompaniment. In [[Nûrlâm]] it is marked with [[adpositions|postposition]] "-sha" for both [[declension classes]], which can be translated into English as preposition "together with" or just "with". Comitative case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]]. Typical applications include:
+**//Comitative case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as COM) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] that denotes accompaniment. In [[Nûrlâm]] it is marked with [[adpositions|postposition]] "-sha" for both [[declension classes]], which can be translated into English as preposition "together with" or just "with". Comitative case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] or sometimes [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. Typical applications include:
-  * to mark companion of an action: "Sauron conquered Gondor (together) with Saruman";
+  * to mark companion of an action: "Sauron conquered Gondor (together) with Saruman" = "Sauron paikuzâ Gunduzg Sharkû__sha__"((name Saruman replaced with his orcish moniker "sharkû"));
-  * to mark two patients of an action: "Put Uglûk together with stinking Saruman-filth into the dung-pit" (see also [[orcish curse]]);
+  * to mark two patients of an action: "Put Uglûk together with stinking Saruman-filth into the dung-pit" = "Gaith Uglûk Saruman-glob__sha__ pushdug bagronkishi" (see also [[orcish curse]]);
-  * with certain verbs, usually concerning speech: "he talks with orcs"; but "Tagashnuz uruk**ûr** zamash ..." ([[case_dative|Dative]] case) = "he told (to) orcs that ...";
+  * invitation to do an action together: "Go with me" = "ukh da__sha__", "sing with us" = "lash dak__sha__";
-  * invitation to do an action together: "Go with me", "sing with us"
+  * to mark the object that is [[syntax_possession|possessed]] by subject or another object: "orc with a knife" = "uruk kirm__sha__"
+  * to mark that object is filled with another objects of substance: "barrel with fish" = "kralt skab__sha__", sometimes may be replaced with [[case_genitive|genitive case]]: "barrel of ale" = "kralt hîmbob";
+  * to describe absence of object together with negative particle "nar" added //after// "-sha": "rain without end" = "miz nau__shanar__";
+  * to describe the subject or object with another noun, that is (not) it's part: "Kolk kulâ zân unral__sha__nar" = "Beaker is mug without handle";
+  * to describe that action is done with (or without) some emotion or quality: "Dog bal__sha__" = "Kill with power", "Kîb borz __sha__" = "Live peacefully", "Mauk gorm__sha__nar" = "To fight without honor";
+  * to mark the object that is present/absent very closely to the subject: "Tabrus ash kirm îm__sha__" = "He has a knife with him(self)";
+  * to mark grammatical object that has grammatical subject in close proximity: "Kirm (kulâ) ta__sha__" = "Knife is with him";
+  * with certain verbs, usually concerning speech with multiple objects (similar to second point): "he talks with orcs" = "tashugb uruk__sha__"; but "Tagashnuz uruk**ûr** zamash ..." ([[case_dative|Dative]] case) = "he told (to) orcs that ...";
+  * marks simultaneous action if time is expressed with noun or pronoun: "Trolls turn to stone with dawn" = "Olog-hai ragû gundishi ânsh-__sha__"
 ===== Comitative vs. Instrumental case =====
-Comitative case may be confused with [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]], as both of them may be translated with English preposition "with". The difference is that either word "together" or presence of companion or emotion is implied in Comitative case, while Instrumental case means "with use of", "using". Compare: "He speaks with fear in his voice" (COM) vs. "He speaks with flattery" (INS) vs. "He talks with elves" (COM) vs. "He talks with his mouth" (INS).
+{{page>include:COM_vs_INS}}

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