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--- syntax_absence [2021/08/13 19:27] – morgoth
+++ syntax_absence [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Expressions of absence ======
-Expressions of absence are closely related to [[syntax_possession|expressions of possession]], but are negated. That's why they both are usually expressed with same [[case_genitive|Genitive case]].
+**//Expressions of absence//** may be counted as a subgroup of [[syntax_possession|expressions of possession]], but are [[syntax_negative|negated]]. They usually show that [[syntax_subject|subject]] do not possess the  [[syntax_object|object]] (which may be not a material object but an abstract quality). Absence in [[Nûrlâm]] may be expressed with three different constructions:
+  - Negated verb of possession + object in accusative case;
+  - Negation of object in comitative case;
+  - Object of possession becomes grammatical subject;
+  - Impersonal clause with object in genitive case (usually in subordinate sentences).
+===== 1. Verbs of possession =====
+Typical verbs that express ownership in Nûrlâm are "tabz-" (to possess, to own) and "brus-" (to have [got]). To express absence they should be negated by prefix "nar-". This way looks like calque from English and is mostly used in colloquial speech. Example: "You have no power here!" = "Fi__**nar**brus__ bal zin!".
+===== 2. Negation of comitative case =====
+Straightforward translation of English preposition "without" is done by adding negative particle "nar" **after** postposition of [[case_comitative|comitative case]] "sha" (with). Example: "Fikul balshanar zin" = "You're without power here!"
+===== 3. Raising object to subject =====
+Object of (lacked) possession may be raised to grammatical subject the following way:
+  - Object is being put into nominative case, thus becoming the subject.
+  - Absence of possession is expressed by prefix "nar-" added to the verb "kul-" (to be) which is frequently omitted, thus often just by particle "nar".
+  - Subject of possession becomes grammatical object being put into [[case_comitative|comitative case]].
+For example: "You have no power here!" = "Finarbrus bal zin!" => "Bal __**nar**(kulâ)__ (zin) fi__sha__!" ("Balnarfisha", lit. "Power isn't (here) with you!")
+===== 4. Impersonal clauses =====
+[[syntax_impersonal|Impersonal clauses]] may be used to translate English negative [[syntax_existential|existential clauses]] "there is/are no...":
+  - Dummy subject "there" is not used in Nûrlâm
+  - The verb "to be" (kûl) is usually omitted in present tense
+  - Object is put into [[case_genitive|genitive case]].
+Example 1: "He runs like __there is no__ tomorrow" = "Takhîg oth __nar__ ârshab__ob__".
+Example 2((combined with variant 3)): "__Nar__ bal__ob__ fisha" = "There is no power with you!"
+<wrap info> </wrap>\_Please note, that English impersonal expressions of prohibition like "No way!" or "No smoking!" do not mean absence and are translated differently: "no way" = "nararz"((this is not how)) = "nardabhaga"((not allowed)), "no smoking" = "trim nardabhaga"((smoke is not allowed)).

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
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