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syntax_absence [2021/08/13 19:25] – created morgoth | syntax_absence [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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====== Expressions of absence ====== | ====== Expressions of absence ====== | ||
- | Expressions of absence | + | **//Expressions of absence//** may be counted as a subgroup of [[syntax_possession|expressions of possession]], but are [[syntax_negative|negated]]. They usually show that [[syntax_subject|subject]] do not possess the [[syntax_object|object]] (which may be not a material object but an abstract quality). Absence in [[Nûrlâm]] may be expressed with three different constructions: |
+ | - Negated verb of possession + object in accusative case; | ||
+ | - Negation of object in comitative case; | ||
+ | - Object of possession becomes grammatical subject; | ||
+ | - Impersonal clause with object in genitive case (usually in subordinate sentences). | ||
+ | ===== 1. Verbs of possession ===== | ||
+ | Typical verbs that express ownership in Nûrlâm are " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 2. Negation of comitative case ===== | ||
+ | Straightforward translation of English preposition " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 3. Raising object to subject ===== | ||
+ | Object of (lacked) possession may be raised to grammatical subject the following way: | ||
+ | - Object is being put into nominative case, thus becoming the subject. | ||
+ | - Absence of possession is expressed by prefix " | ||
+ | - Subject of possession becomes grammatical object being put into [[case_comitative|comitative case]]. | ||
+ | For example: "You have no power here!" = " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 4. Impersonal clauses ===== | ||
+ | [[syntax_impersonal|Impersonal clauses]] may be used to translate English negative [[syntax_existential|existential clauses]] "there is/are no...": | ||
+ | - Dummy subject " | ||
+ | - The verb "to be" (kûl) is usually omitted in present tense | ||
+ | - Object is put into [[case_genitive|genitive case]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example 1: "He runs like __there is no__ tomorrow" | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example 2((combined with variant 3)): " | ||
+ | |||
+ | <wrap info> </ |