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--- suffix_inflectional [2021/06/02 19:29] – [Inflectional suffixes] morgoth
+++ suffix_inflectional [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Inflectional suffixes ======
 Suffix is called **//inflectional//** if it changes grammatical properties of the word without modifying its syntactic/lexical category, word class or part of speech. But many grammatical categories in [[Nûrlâm]] are expressed by [[clitics]] instead. Participle and infinitive suffixes may be also treated as [[suffix_derivational|derivational]] suffixes depending on the point of view (if participles are considered as separate lexical categories or as forms of verbs, but in this wiki the second opinion is used).
 Finally a table of common inflectional suffixes:
+<WRAP center round todo 60%>
+<todo>add suffixes of aspect</todo>
+</WRAP>
 ^ Suffix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^
-| -â    | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb "-a";\\ compare with HORN suffix "-a" with meaning "one who does" and SV suffix "-a" often used to make verbs from nouns | 3rd [[grammar_person#archaic_nurlam|person]] singular verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | |
+| -â    | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb "-a";\\ compare with HORN suffix "-a" with meaning "one who does" and SV suffix "-a" often used to make verbs from nouns | 3rd [[grammar_person#archaic_nurlam|person]] singular verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | pushd- (to stink) => bag pushd**â** (shit stinks) |
-| -ag   | NL, in analogy with //-ug// — //-uga// | present passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | |
+| -ag   | NL, in analogy with //-ug// — //-uga// | present passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | faik (to win) => faik**ag** (being defeated) |
-| -aga  | HG < misprint of EL //-uga// (see below) in VT 13 | past passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | |
+| -aga  | HG < misprint of EL //-uga// (see below) in VT 13 | past passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | dul- (to damage) => dul**aga** urukirzi (damaged by orcs) |
-| -ar   | LOS | [[grammar_adjective#degree_of_comparison|comparative]] form of adjectives and adverbs | |
+| -âk   | HG((without any example)) < MB | verb in passive voice | orsk- (to steal) => nazg orsk**âk**uzâ (ring was stolen) |
-| -at   | TK, CBS, RI | [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] | |
+| -ar   | LOS | [[grammar_adjective#degree_of_comparison|comparative]] form of adjectives and adverbs | bhog (good) => bhogar (better) |
-| -az   | LOS | [[grammar_adjective#degree_of_comparison|superlative]] form of adjectives | |
+| -at   | TK, CBS, RI | [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] | gimb (find) => gimb**at** (to find, for finding, to be found) |
-| -b    | see //-ob// | [[case_genitive|genitive case]] for declension class II | |
+| -az   | LOS | [[grammar_adjective#degree_of_comparison|superlative]] form of adjectives | bhog (good) => bhog**az** (the best) |
-| -irzi | LOS "irzi" (by) | [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] for declension class I | |
+| -b    | see //-ob// | [[case_genitive|genitive case]] for declension class II | ta (he) => ta**b** (his) |
-| -ish  | NL < LOS "izish" (me) | [[case_accusative|accusative case]] for declension class I | |
+| -îm   | NL < Quenya "immo" (self) | normally a reflexive pronoun, but may be used with verbs as suffix of //reflexive// [[grammar_voice#other|voice]] | dogut (to kill) => dogut**îm** (to commit suicide, to be killed by accident and own carelessness) |
-| -ob   | EL | [[case_genitive|genitive case]] for declension class I | |
+| -irzi | LOS "irzi" (by) | [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] for declension class I | bazg (hand) => bazg**irzi** (by hand) |
-| -rzi  | see //-irzi// | [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] for declension class II | |
+| -ish  | NL < LOS "izish" (me) | [[case_accusative|accusative case]] for declension class I | lat (thou, you) => lat**ish** (thee, you) |
-| -sh   | see //-ish// | [[case_accusative|accusative case]] for declension class II | |
+| -ob   | EL | [[case_genitive|genitive case]] for declension class I | lûg (dragon) => lûg**ob** (dragon's, of dragon) |
-| -sha  | TK, DBS, OC | [[case_comitative|comitative case]] | |
+| -rzi  | see //-irzi// | [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] for declension class II | snaga (slave) => snaga**rzi** (by slaves) |
-| -si   | NL < Quenya "sívë", Sindarin "sui" (as, like) | [[case_essive|essive case]] | |
+| -sh   | see //-ish// | [[case_accusative|accusative case]] for declension class II | ta (he) => ta**sh** (him) |
-| -û    | rare SV "-û", LOS "-u" | plural [[grammar_number|number]] suffix for declension class I | |
+| -sha  | TK, DBS, OC | [[case_comitative|comitative case]] | shauk (friend) => shauk**sha** (together with friends) |
-| -û    | NL < AN "-ut" + rare SV "-û" (plural suffix) | 3rd [[grammar_person#archaic_nurlam|person]] plural verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | |
+| -sha  | TK, DBS, OC | rarely used with verbs as //cooperative// [[grammar_voice#other|voice]] | bulut (to work) => bulut**sha** (to cooperate, work together) |
-| -ub   | AN | future [[grammar_tense|tense]] suffix | |
+| -si   | NL < Quenya "sívë", Sindarin "sui" (as, like) | [[case_essive|essive case]] | shauk (friend) => shauktab**si** (as your friend) |
-| -ug   | EL, AA < TK DBS OC "pushdug" (stinking) | present active [[grammar_participle|participle]] | |
+| -û    | rare SV "-û", LOS "-u" | plural [[grammar_number|number]] suffix for declension class I | uruk (orc) => uruk**û** (orcs) |
-| -uga  | EL, participle II | present passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | |
+| -û    | NL < AN "-ut" + rare SV "-û" (plural suffix) | 3rd [[grammar_person#archaic_nurlam|person]] plural verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | gimb (to find) => uruk gimb**û** (orcs are discovering) |
-| -ulg  | NL < LOS "shulg" (would) < SV "shulg" (wood)((it's unknown, if pun was intended or made by mistake)) | subjunctive mood or future-in-the-past tense |
+| -ub   | AN | future [[grammar_tense|tense]] suffix | krimp- (to tie) => takrimp**ub** (he will tie) |
-| -ûr   | EL | [[case_dative|dative case]] for declension class I | |
+| -ug   | EL, AA < TK DBS OC "pushdug" (stinking) | present active [[grammar_participle|participle]] | mat- (to die) => mat**ug** (dying) |
-| -ut   | NL | [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]] | |
+| -uga  | EL, participle II | present passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | akr- (to drink) => luntal akr**aga** (drunken sailor) |
-| -uz   | LOS | past [[grammar_tense|tense]] suffix | |
+| -ulg  | NL < LOS "shulg" (would) < SV "shulg" (wood)((it's unknown, if pun was intended or made by mistake)) | subjunctive mood or future-in-the-past tense | pâsh (can) => pâsh**ulg** (could) |
-| -z    | EL | plural [[grammar_number|number]] suffix for declension class II | |
+| -ûr   | EL | [[case_dative|dative case]] for declension class I | golug (elf) => golug**ûr** (for elf) |
-| -zûr  | NL < EL "-ûr" | [[case_dative|dative case]] for declension class II | |
+| -ut   | NL | [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]] | gimb- (to find) => gimb**ut** (to find) |
+| -uz   | LOS | past [[grammar_tense|tense]] suffix | thrak- (to bring) => tathrak**uz** (he brought) |
+| -z    | EL | plural [[grammar_number|number]] suffix for declension class II | tau (forest) => tau**z** (forests) |
+| -zûr  | NL < EL "-ûr" | [[case_dative|dative case]] for declension class II | piraga (halfling) => piraga**zûr** (for halfling) |
 This table contains only those case suffixes that belongs to grammatical and marginal case. For locative case endings see [[grammar_case#case_endings_table|full chart of case postpositions]]. Suffixes of [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] are also not listed, as they may be treated as clitic adverbs.

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