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--- prefixes [2021/06/27 00:48] – morgoth
+++ prefixes [2023/01/18 20:11] – changed example for "mar-" morgoth
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 ====== Prefixes ======
-**//Prefixes//** in [[Nûrlâm]] may serve both as derivational and inflectional morphemes. But because they are rare they are all listed at this one page. Personal enclitic [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|personal pronouns]] which are also similar to prefixes are not listed here. However some other enclitic particles are counted as prefixes.
+**//Prefixes//** are the affixes placed before the word's stem. Early researchers thought that prefixes were extremely rare or totally absent in Black Speech, like in other well-known agglutinative languages (e.g. Finnish and Turkish), but "Parma Eldalamberon" journal's issue #17 proved them wrong. There was stated that subject pronouns were prefixed to the verbs, so we can expect that there were some other prefixes too.
+Prefixes in [[Nûrlâm]] may serve both as derivational and inflectional morphemes. Subjective enclitic [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|personal pronouns]] which are also similar to prefixes are not listed here. However some other enclitic particles are counted as prefixes.
 ^ Prefix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^
-| am-  | EL | makes relative pro-forms  | |
+| am-  | EL | makes relative pro-forms  | il (time) => **am**il (when) |
-| bhû- | HG | pre-; prepared action | |
+| bhû- | HG | pre-; prepared action | gashn- (to tell) => **bhû**gashn- (to foretell, predict) |
-| îm-  | NL < Quenya "immo" | self-((only with nouns)) | |
+| dro- | HG | pro-; motion forward, continuation | hon- (to look) => **dro**hon- (prospect, explore, recon)((but not "look forward"!!!)) |
-| kru- | NL < LOS "krul" ("two"), "krut" ("back", adv) | re-; repeating action or fallback to previous state |
+| îm-((used also as suffix with verbs))  | NL < Quenya "immo" | self-((only with nouns)) | shad- (to destroy) => shadurm (destruction) => **îm**shadurm (self-destruction) |
-| m(a)-   | EL from many Quenya question words starting with "ma" | makes interrogative and dubitative pro-forms; sometimes before consonants //ma-// used instead | |
+| kau- | HG | anti-, counter-; opposition, contrast, strong negation | mauhûrz (military) => **kau**mauhûrz (anti-war) |
-| mar- | LOS (LUG) | question particle, forms interrogative mood | |
+| kru- | NL < LOS "krul" ("two"), "krut" ("back", adv) | re-; repeating action or fallback to previous state | skât- (to come) => **kru**skât- (to return) |
-| nar- | AN < TK ((LOTR, TT, Book Four, Chapter X "The Choices of Master Samwise")) | negative particle for all word classes | |
+| m(a)-   | EL from many Quenya question words starting with "ma" | makes interrogative and dubitative pro-forms; sometimes before consonants //ma-// used instead | in (place) => **m**in (where?) |
-| ri-  | LOS (prep. "between") | inter-; interrupting, preventing of action | |
+| mar- | LOS (LUG) | question particle, forms interrogative mood | Fi**mar**krampuzan? (Did you do it?) |
-| ti-  | HG < ON | over-; enforcing particle | |
+| nan- | NL < Quenya "nan-" (back) as in "nancar" (to undo) | dis-, un-; cancelling the action | kramp- (to do) => **nan**kramp- (to undo, cancel) |
+| nar- | AN < TK ((LOTR, TT, Book Four, Chapter X "The Choices of Master Samwise")) | negative particle for all word classes | nîr (nice) => **nar**nîr (not nice) |
+| ri-((also suffix of Intrative case))  | LOS (prep. "between") | inter-; interrupting, preventing of action | gashn- (to tell) => **ri**gashn- (to interrupt) |
+| thu-  | LOS (prep. "beyond") | over-; enforcing particle | "thrâh-" (to advice) => "**thu**thrâh-" (to insist) |
 Prefixes like //kru-// or //ri-// have functions similar to [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] of verb, but may be applied to other lexical categories, such as nouns.
-<WRAP center round todo 60%>
-<todo>add more verbal derivational prefixes (or mention adpositions)</todo>
-\\ <todo !!>Make examples</todo>
-</WRAP>

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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