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grammar_gerundive

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grammar_gerundive [2022/02/11 18:49] – [Gerundive] morgothgrammar_gerundive [2023/08/05 18:52] – khul => khûl morgoth
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     - infinitive of purpose or Latin's //supin// (also expresses purpose), including expressions like "in order to": "Gimaug khîgut __skâtat__ Ashûk Urun ârshirzi Durinob" => "You must hurry __to reach__ the Lonely Mountain by Durin's day" = "In order to reach the Lonely Mountain by Durin's day, you must hurry";      - infinitive of purpose or Latin's //supin// (also expresses purpose), including expressions like "in order to": "Gimaug khîgut __skâtat__ Ashûk Urun ârshirzi Durinob" => "You must hurry __to reach__ the Lonely Mountain by Durin's day" = "In order to reach the Lonely Mountain by Durin's day, you must hurry"; 
     - passive infinitive ("golug (kulâ) dogat" = "elf (is) to be killed"); should be clarified with verb "kul" (to be) or agent in instrumental case;     - passive infinitive ("golug (kulâ) dogat" = "elf (is) to be killed"); should be clarified with verb "kul" (to be) or agent in instrumental case;
-    - English future (perfect) continuous tense or expressions like "going to", "about to" + infinitive. "Da(kul) dogatûk ash golug" = "I'm going to kill an elf" = "I am about to kill an elf" = "I will have been killing an elf". May be replaced with Prospective [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] or in [[syntax_analytic|analytical language]] with verb "pant-" (to intend) + main verb in infinitive form;+    - expressions like "going to", "about to" + infinitive: "Da(kul) dogatûk ash golug" = "I'm going to kill an elf" = "I am about to kill an elf". May be replaced with Prospective [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] or in [[syntax_analytic|analytical language]] with verb "pant-" (to intend) + main verb in infinitive form;
   - necessity:   - necessity:
     - verb "must" with passive verb/participle: "Gunduzg (kulâ) shadat " => "Gondor must be destroyed";     - verb "must" with passive verb/participle: "Gunduzg (kulâ) shadat " => "Gondor must be destroyed";
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   - [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal sentences]] (like "It's time to go" => "Il ukhat");    - [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal sentences]] (like "It's time to go" => "Il ukhat"); 
   - verbal adjective (like "edible", "adorable", etc.), may be replaced with one of examples from point 1 (e.g. "edible fruit" = "fruit for eating" = "fruit to eat" = "gau thokhat");   - verbal adjective (like "edible", "adorable", etc.), may be replaced with one of examples from point 1 (e.g. "edible fruit" = "fruit for eating" = "fruit to eat" = "gau thokhat");
-  - jussive modality (similar to imperative mood) in dependent clause after 3rd person orders using such verbs as "command", "order", "demand", "insist", "request", "recommend", "propose", "suggest": ("Morgoth demands that you bring him hobbits alive" = "Morgoth thukhulâtaf thrak__at__an piraga kîbûrz"); +  - jussive modality (similar to imperative mood) in dependent clause after 3rd person orders using such verbs as "command", "order", "demand", "insist", "request", "recommend", "propose", "suggest": ("Morgoth demands that you bring him hobbits alive" = "Morgoth thukhûlâtaf thrak__at__an piraga kîbûrz"); 
-  - in questions after "Why" and answers to them: "Why did you kill a dragon? - To earn the reward" => "Mûr fidoguz ash lûg? - Gamb__at__ raunum". This application is related to points 1 and 2; +  - in questions after "Why" and answers to them: "Why did you kill a dragon? -- To earn the reward" => "Mûr fidoguz ash lûg? -- Gamb__at__ raunum". This application is related to points 1 and 2; 
-  - future passive or future participle in languages that have them: "The elf will be executed" => "Golugum kubâ dûmbat".+  - future passive or future participle in languages that have them: "The elf will be executed" => "Golugum kubâ dûmbat"; 
 +  - English future (perfect) continuous tense: "Dakub gorgat ash golug" => "I will have been butchering an elf".
  
 As it is seen in Ring Inscription, gerundives can take pronominal objective suffix (e.g. //gimbat__ul__//). As it is seen in Ring Inscription, gerundives can take pronominal objective suffix (e.g. //gimbat__ul__//).
-Gerundives do not take case endings. Gerundives rarely used as predicative in Nûrlâm except verb "kul" (to be) + gerundive, however verb "kul" is usually omitted in present tense (= "matters of taste should not be debated", lit. "tastes are not for debating" => "shaub (kulû) nartishugbat"). Please note that gerundive is rarely used together with future form "kub" (= "will") of the verb "to be", as it already marks the future tense. +Gerundives do not take case endings. Gerundives rarely used as predicative in Nûrlâm except verb "kul" (to be) + gerundive, however verb "kul" is usually omitted in present tense (= "matters of taste should not be debated", lit. "tastes are not for debating" => "shaub (kulû) nartishugbat"). Please note, as gerundive already marks the future tense, it is rarely used together with future form "kub" (= "will") of the verb "to be".  
 + 
 +^ The form of verb "kul" = "to be" ^ Usage ^ 
 +| Past (kuz) | intention or purpose in the past: "I was going to kill a dragon" => "Dakuz dogat ash lûg" | 
 +| ::: | necessisty in the past: "It was necessary to kill him" => "Kuzâ bolkarz dogatan" | 
 +| Present (kul) | in most cases, especially descriptive function | 
 +| Future (kub) | future passive: "It will be done" => "Kubâ krampat" | 
 +| ::: | future (perfect) continuous: "Next month, the war will have been lasting for 13 years" => "Shi shilab gothum kubâ frunat furn nukrig lau" |
  
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grammar_gerundive.txt · Last modified: 2023/09/07 19:38 by 127.0.0.1
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