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--- case_instrumental [2020/08/21 09:28] – created morgoth
+++ case_instrumental [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Instrumental case ======
-**//Instrumental case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as INS) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] that marks tools and means of an action. In Nûrlâm it is marked with [[adpositions|postposition]] "-irzi" for [[delcension_classes|declension]] class I and "-rzi" for declension class II, which can be translated into English as "by", "by means of", "with use of", "using", "through (use of)", "via", etc. Instrumental case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]]. Typical applications of instrumental case in Nûrlâm include:
+**//Instrumental case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as INS) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] that marks tools and means of an action. In [[Nûrlâm]] it is marked with [[adpositions|postposition]] "-irzi" for [[declension_classes|declension]] class I and "-rzi" for declension class II, which can be translated into English as "by", "by means of", "with use of", "using", "through (use of)", "via", etc. Instrumental case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]]. Typical applications of instrumental case in Nûrlâm include:
-  * to indicate instrument of an action ("I cut the tree with an axe", "send by (messenger) raven"));
+  * to indicate instrument of an action: "I cut the tree with an axe" = "Dagrish orn pulk__irzi__", "send by (messenger) raven" = "hîst krag__irzi__";
-  * to indicate the agent of passive action expressed by passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] ("The tree was cut by me"). This function was borrowed from archaic [[case_ergative|Ergative case]] with similar ending "-irz".
+  * to indicate the agent of passive action expressed by passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] or verb ("The tree that was cut by me" = "Ornum grishaga da__rzi__") or [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] ("The tree to be cut by me" = "Ornum (kulâ) grishat da__rzi__").
-  * locative function denoting motion through the object or some media ("they came by the sea"), may be further clarified by adding postposition "tuk" (through);
+  * make distributive numerals: "one by one" = "ash ash__irzi__", "stand by fours" = "bin hant__irzi__";
-  * make distributive numerals ("one by one", "stand by fours");
+  * locative function denoting motion through the object or some media ("they came by the sea" = "Takskâtuz kârsh__irzi__"), may be further clarified by adding postposition "tuk" (through): "Takskâtuz kârsh__irzi__ tuk"; this function is sometimes called Prolative, Prosecutive or Vialis case;
-  * used together with prepositions "ik" or "zi" to denote ending of an action before/by some time, ("They all will be killed by the dawn"). Please note, that preposition "ugil" with similar meaning requires noun in [[case_accusative|accusative case]]
 Instrumental case is **not** used when translating preposition "by" from English in following cases:
-  * locative function with stationary meaning "near(by)" ("house by the sea") - replace with noun in [[case_allative|Allative case]] together with postposition "mush";
+  * locative function with stationary meaning "near(by)" ("house by the sea") -- replace with noun in [[case_locative#adessive_case|Adessive case]] together with postposition "mush": "ozdum kârsh__ir__ mush";
+  * to denote ending of an action before/by some time -- Accusative case is used together with prepositions "ik", "ugil" or "zi": "They all will be killed by the dawn" = "Takûk (kubû) dogat ik ânsh"((using gerundive)) = "Dogubâtulûk zi ânsh"((using impersonal sentence)).
-<WRAP center round todo 60%>
-examples needed
-</WRAP>
 --------------------------------------------
 ===== Instrumental vs. Comitative case =====
-Instrumental case should not be mixed with [[case_comitative|comitative case]]. While both may be translated into English with preposition "with", comitative case is used when word "together" may be added before it without affecting the sense. "Sauron conquered Gondor (together) with Saruman" vs. "Sauron conquered Gondor with aid of Saruman".
+{{page>include:COM_vs_INS}}

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