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====== Genitive case ====== | ====== Genitive case ====== | ||
- | **// | + | **// |
===== Functions of Genitive case ===== | ===== Functions of Genitive case ===== | ||
Typical functions of Genitive case in [[Nûrlâm]] include: | Typical functions of Genitive case in [[Nûrlâm]] include: | ||
- | * Possession or ownership (// | + | * Possession or ownership (// |
* Origin or ancestry (pure Genitive): "orcs of Mordor" | * Origin or ancestry (pure Genitive): "orcs of Mordor" | ||
* Relationship of objects (" | * Relationship of objects (" | ||
* Description or explanation of noun with another noun (" | * Description or explanation of noun with another noun (" | ||
- | * Material or source (" | + | * Material or source (" |
+ | * Reason (" | ||
* Forensic/ | * Forensic/ | ||
* with verbal nouns and participles: | * with verbal nouns and participles: | ||
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* Quality: "man of honour" | * Quality: "man of honour" | ||
* Comparisons (after adjective in comparative form): " | * Comparisons (after adjective in comparative form): " | ||
- | * Abundance or shortage: " | + | * Abundance or shortage: " |
+ | * [[syntax_absence|Absence]] of something (usually in negative impersonal sentences): "There is no life here" = "Nar kîb__ob__ zin"; | ||
* // | * // | ||
- | * element of set: "group of men", "gang of orcs"; | + | * element of set: "group of men" = "shalk tark__ob__", "gang of orcs" = "lurg uruk__ob__"; |
- | * part of bigger object: "a piece of meat", "a sip of water"; | + | * part of bigger object: "a piece of meat" = "ash naht âps__ob__", "a sip of water" = "ash akr nîn__ob__"; |
- | * substance | + | * substance: "wheel of cheese" = "kirn gurth__ob__", "loaf of bread" = "gurn mazg__ob__", " |
- | * fractions: "half of orcs", "one third of fruits"; | + | * fractions: "half of orcs" = "pir uruk__ob__", "one third of fruits" = "ash krigûrz gau__b__"; |
- | * set or exact quantity: "three of orcs", "pair of shoes"; | + | * set or exact quantity: "three of orcs" |
- | * together with [[proform|indefinite pronouns]] and quantifiers to mark uncertain number from zero to all members of set/group: "many of them", "none of orcs", "most of men", "all of elves", | + | * together with [[proform|indefinite pronouns]] and quantifiers to mark uncertain number from zero to all members of set/group: "many of them" = "mak tak__ob__", "none of orcs" = "nar uruk__ob__", "most of men" = "marm tark__ob__", "all of elves" = "ûk golug__ob__", "some of fruits" |
* to mark objects of certain verbs; | * to mark objects of certain verbs; | ||
* with certain [[adpositions]] (" | * with certain [[adpositions]] (" | ||
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===== Genitive versus Ablative and Elative case ===== | ===== Genitive versus Ablative and Elative case ===== | ||
- | In many languages Genitive has functions of [[case_ablative|Ablative]] case. In Nûrlâm they are distinct cases. Compare "orc of Mordor" | + | In many languages Genitive has functions of [[case_locative# |
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