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--- tengwar [2022/03/23 20:38] – reverted description of ore and romen morgoth
+++ tengwar [2024/02/13 16:35] (current) – [Transcribers] morgoth
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ====== Tengwar ======
-**//Tengwar//** (Quenya "Letters") is a writing system invented by J.R.R. Tolkien for his fictional languages. In the internal history it was invented by elf Fëanor in the Year of the Trees 1250 for Quenya. But later Tengwar was adopted for almost all languages of Middle-Earth, but with various changes called "//modes//".
+**//Tengwar//** (Quenya "Letters") is a writing system invented by J.R.R. Tolkien for his fictional languages. In the internal history it was invented by elf Fëanor in the Year of the Trees 1250 for Quenya. Later Tengwar was adopted for almost all languages of Middle-Earth, but with various changes in representation of consonants, called "//modes//".
 ===== General Information =====
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
   * while Glǽmscribe is the most accurate one for most purposes, it uses Quenya spelling for diphtongs in Black Speech mode for some reason (instead of Sindarin or Westron);
-So the best option is to transcribe the text with tool, but then correct it manually for better look and accuracy. For Black Speech mode there is a dedicated transcriber named [[http://blackspeech.ru/new/index.php?page=4|BSSScribe]].
+So the best option is to transcribe the text with tool, but then correct it manually for better look and accuracy. For Black Speech mode there is a dedicated transcriber named [[http://blackspeech.ru/transcriber/index.php|BSSScribe]].
 -----------------------------
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 ^  3\\ (voiceless fricatives) |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>3</wrap> <wrap tengware>3</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>3</wrap> <wrap tengwara>3</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[θ] (th, þ)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>3</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>súle, súlë, thúle ("spirit")</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>e</wrap> <wrap tengware>e</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>e</wrap> <wrap tengwara>e</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[f]</wrap>\\ <wrap key>e</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>formen ("North")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>d</wrap> <wrap tengware>d</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>d</wrap> <wrap tengwara>d</wrap></wrap>\\ [ʃ] (sh)\\ <wrap key>d</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>aha ("rage")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by AT)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>c</wrap> <wrap tengware>c</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>c</wrap> <wrap tengwara>c</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[x] (kh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>c</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>hwesta ("breeze")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |
 ^  3*\\ (voiceless fricatives\\ after vowels\\ or aspirated\\ voiceless plosives) |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>!</wrap> <wrap tengware>!</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>!</wrap> <wrap tengwara>!</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[θ], [tʰ] (th)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>**!** (Shift + 1)</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by AT)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>Q</wrap> <wrap tengware>Q</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>Q</wrap> <wrap tengwara>Q</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[f], [pʰ] (f)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>Q</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>A</wrap> <wrap tengware>A</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>A</wrap> <wrap tengwara>A</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ʃ] (sh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>A</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>Z</wrap> <wrap tengware>Z</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>Z</wrap> <wrap tengwara>Z</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[x], [kʰ] (kh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>Z</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |
-^  4\\ (voiced fricatives) |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>4</wrap> <wrap tengware>4</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>4</wrap> <wrap tengwara>4</wrap></wrap>((currenly not attested in Nûrlâm dictionary, only in after-vowel version 4*))\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ð] (dh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>4</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>anto ("mouth")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>r</wrap> <wrap tengware>r</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>r</wrap> <wrap tengwara>r</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[β] (bh), [v]((only in Svartiska))</wrap>\\ <wrap key>r</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>ampa ("hook")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>f</wrap> <wrap tengware>f</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>f</wrap> <wrap tengwara>f</wrap></wrap>((currenly not attested in Nûrlâm dictionary, only in after-vowel version 4*))\\ <wrap teng_snd :en>[ʒ] (zh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>f</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>anca ("jaws")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>v</wrap> <wrap tengware>v</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>v</wrap> <wrap tengwara>v</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ɣ]
+^  4\\ (voiced fricatives) |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>4</wrap> <wrap tengware>4</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>4</wrap> <wrap tengwara>4</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ð] (dh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>4</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>anto ("mouth")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>r</wrap> <wrap tengware>r</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>r</wrap> <wrap tengwara>r</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[β] (bh), [v]((only in Svartiska))</wrap>\\ <wrap key>r</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>ampa ("hook")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>f</wrap> <wrap tengware>f</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>f</wrap> <wrap tengwara>f</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd :en>[ʒ] (zh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>f</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>anca ("jaws")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>v</wrap> <wrap tengware>v</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>v</wrap> <wrap tengwara>v</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ɣ]
  (gh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>v</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>unque ("a hollow")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by AT)</wrap>  |
 ^  4*\\ (voiced fricatives\\ after vowels\\ or aspirated\\ voiced plosives) |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>@</wrap> <wrap tengware>@</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>@</wrap> <wrap tengwara>@</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ð], [dʰ] (dh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>@ (Shift + 2)</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>W</wrap> <wrap tengware>W</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>W</wrap> <wrap tengwara>W</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[β], [bʰ] (bh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>W</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>S</wrap> <wrap tengware>S</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>S</wrap> <wrap tengwara>S</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd :en>[ʒ] (zh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>S</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>X</wrap> <wrap tengware>X</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>X</wrap> <wrap tengwara>X</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ɣ], [gʰ] (gh)</wrap>\\ <wrap key>X</wrap>  |
 ^  5\\ (nasals) |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>5</wrap> <wrap tengware>5</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>5</wrap> <wrap tengwara>5</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[n]</wrap>\\ <wrap key>5</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>númen ("West")</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>t</wrap> <wrap tengware>t</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>t</wrap> <wrap tengwara>t</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[m]</wrap>\\ <wrap key>t</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>malta ("gold")</wrap>  |  <wrap gray>(not used in BS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>b</wrap> <wrap tengware>b</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>b</wrap> <wrap tengwara>b</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ŋ]((only after vowels in final //-ng//, Nûrlâm author suggests using <wrap tengware>xP</wrap> - nasal marker after g))</wrap>\\ <wrap key>b</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>nwalme, ñwalme\\  ("torment")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |
-^  6\\ ("weak") |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>6</wrap> <wrap tengware>6</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>6</wrap> <wrap tengwara>6</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[r]</wrap> (before consonants,\\ word-finally)((please note that Mans Bjorkman's interpretation at Amanye Tenceli in Black Speech mode is wrong))\\ <wrap key>6</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>óre ("heart")</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>y</wrap> <wrap tengware>y</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>y</wrap> <wrap tengwara>y</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[w]</wrap> ((only in diphtong //au// and in Quenya-borrowed words with //qu//))\\ <wrap key>y</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>vala ("angelic power")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>h</wrap> <wrap tengware>h</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>h</wrap> <wrap tengwara>h</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[j]</wrap> ((only in diphtongs //ai// and //oi//))\\ <wrap key>h</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>anna ("gift")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by AT)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>n</wrap> <wrap tengware>n</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>n</wrap> <wrap tengwara>n</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ʔ] ((glottal stop, unnecessary for Standard Nûrlâm, but may be used in some subdialects))</wrap>\\ <wrap key>n</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>vilya ("sky")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(suggested by DSS)</wrap>  |
+^  6\\ ("weak") |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>6</wrap> <wrap tengware>6</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>6</wrap> <wrap tengwara>6</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ʁ/ɹ]</wrap> (r before consonants,\\ word-finally)((please note that Mans Bjorkman's interpretation at Amanye Tenceli in Black Speech mode is unclear))\\ <wrap key>6</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>óre ("heart")</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>y</wrap> <wrap tengware>y</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>y</wrap> <wrap tengwara>y</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[
+ʊ/w]</wrap> ((only in diphtong //au// and in Quenya-borrowed words with //qu//))\\ <wrap key>y</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>vala ("angelic power")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>h</wrap> <wrap tengware>h</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>h</wrap> <wrap tengwara>h</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ɪ/j]</wrap> ((only in diphtongs //ai// and //oi//))\\ <wrap key>h</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>anna ("gift")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by AT)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>n</wrap> <wrap tengware>n</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>n</wrap> <wrap tengwara>n</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ʔ] ((glottal stop, unnecessary for Standard Nûrlâm, but may be used in some subdialects))</wrap>\\ <wrap key>n</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>vilya ("sky")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(suggested by DSS)</wrap>  |
 ^  Additional Tengwar  ^^^^^
-^ |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>7</wrap> <wrap tengware>7</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>7</wrap> <wrap tengwara>7</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[r]</wrap> (before vowel,\\ word-initially)((please note that Mans Bjorkman's interpretation at Amanye Tenceli in Black Speech mode is wrong))\\ <wrap key>7</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>rómen ("East")</wrap>  |  <wrap gray>(not used in BS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>j</wrap> <wrap tengware>j</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>j</wrap> <wrap tengwara>j</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[l]</wrap>\\ <wrap key>j</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>lambe ("tongue")</wrap>  |  <wrap gray>(not used in BS)</wrap>  |
+^ |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>7</wrap> <wrap tengware>7</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>7</wrap> <wrap tengwara>7</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[ʀ/r]</wrap> (r before vowels,\\ word-initially)((please note that Mans Bjorkman's interpretation at Amanye Tenceli in Black Speech mode is unclear))\\ <wrap key>7</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>rómen ("East")</wrap>  |  <wrap gray>(not used in BS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>j</wrap> <wrap tengware>j</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>j</wrap> <wrap tengwara>j</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[l]</wrap>\\ <wrap key>j</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>lambe ("tongue")</wrap>  |  <wrap gray>(not used in BS)</wrap>  |
 ^ |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>8</wrap> <wrap tengware>8</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>8</wrap> <wrap tengwara>8</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>*</wrap> <wrap tengware>*</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>*</wrap> <wrap tengwara>*</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[s]</wrap> (after consonant)\\ <wrap key>8</wrap> or <wrap key>* (Shift + 8)</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>silme\\ ("[star, silver] light")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by AT)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>i</wrap> <wrap tengware>i</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>i</wrap> <wrap tengwara>i</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>I</wrap> <wrap tengware>I</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>I</wrap> <wrap tengwara>I</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[s]</wrap> (after vowel)\\ <wrap key>i</wrap> or <wrap key>I</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>silme nuquerna\\ ("silme reversed")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>k</wrap> <wrap tengware>k</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>k</wrap> <wrap tengwara>k</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>K</wrap> <wrap tengware>K</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>K</wrap> <wrap tengwara>K</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[z]</wrap> (after consonant)\\ <wrap key>k</wrap> or <wrap key>K</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>essë ("name"), áre, áze\\ (sunlight)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>,</wrap> <wrap tengware>,</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>,</wrap> <wrap tengwara>,</wrap></wrap>\\  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengware>%%<%%</wrap> <wrap tengwara>%%<%%</wrap></wrap> ((alternative variant do not present in all fonts))\\ <wrap teng_snd>[z]</wrap> (after vowel)\\ <wrap key>,</wrap> or <wrap key>%%<%%</wrap>((not in all fonts))\\ <wrap teng_name>essë/áre/áze nuquerna\\ ("essë reversed")</wrap>  |
 ^ |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>9</wrap> <wrap tengware>9</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>9</wrap> <wrap tengwara>9</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[h]</wrap>\\ <wrap key>9</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>hyarmen ("South")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS and AT)</wrap>  |  <wrap gray>(not used in BS)</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq>l</wrap> <wrap tengware>l</wrap> <wrap tengwarn>l</wrap> <wrap tengwara>l</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap teng_snd>[j]</wrap> (y only before vowels)\\ <wrap key>l</wrap>\\ <wrap teng_name>yanta ("bridge")</wrap>\\ <wrap gray>(extrapolated by DSS)</wrap>  |  <wrap gray>(not used in BS)</wrap>  |
@@ Line 91: / Line 92: @@
 ^  "bars",\\ "strokes"|  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq><wrap ghost>z</wrap>[</wrap> <wrap tengware><wrap ghost>z</wrap>[</wrap> <wrap tengwarn><wrap ghost>z</wrap>[</wrap> <wrap tengwara><wrap ghost>z</wrap>[</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap key>[</wrap>  |  <wrap tengwar_entry2><wrap tengwarq><wrap ghost>x</wrap>{</wrap> <wrap tengware><wrap ghost>x</wrap>{</wrap> <wrap tengwarn><wrap ghost>x</wrap>{</wrap> <wrap tengwara><wrap ghost>x</wrap>{</wrap></wrap>\\ <wrap key>{</wrap>  |
-"Following //s//" tehtar is not described here because the only possible consonant cluster in Nûrlâm with it is //ps// which occurs only in Quenya-borrowed words, there is no genuine Black Speech or Orkish words with such cluster. And besides this, it is very tricky for smooth rendering with old tengwar fonts.
+"Following //s//" tehtar is not described here because the only possible consonant cluster in Nûrlâm with it is //ps// which occurs only in Quenya-borrowed words, there are no genuine Black Speech or Orkish words with such cluster. It makes sense to use so-called "za-rince" hook in very frequent adjective ending //-ûrz//, but these hooks are not supported in Unicode fonts. And besides these points, all hooks are very tricky for smooth rendering with old tengwar fonts.
 ==== Vowels ====
@@ Line 171: / Line 172: @@
 <WRAP tengware>x^jz<wrap tengwarea>Y</wrap>`Nwx#7zpUd`CqA^2x^87Et^5#xjw&ww<wrap tengwarea>^</wrap>9A&8zhD</WRAP>
-There are 38 tengwar and 7 tehtar used in Nûrlâm (//vilya// not included), short roots and agglutination leading to repetitive grammar markers, together make composing a short [[wp>pangram|pangram]] a hard task. Current example contains of 59 tengwar (~1.5x longer than perfect pangram would be, but partially due to repetition of grammatical suffixes):
+There are 38 tengwar and 7 tehtar used in Nûrlâm (//vilya// not included), short roots and agglutination leading to repetitive grammar markers, together make composing a short [[wp>pangram|pangram]] a hard task. Current example consists of 59 tengwar (~1.5x longer than perfect pangram would be, but partially due to repetition of grammatical suffixes):
 <WRAP center round todo 60%>
 <todo>revisit pangram when dictionary will be larger</todo>
@@ Line 189: / Line 190: @@
 ==== Transcribers ====
-  * [[http://blackspeech.ru/new/index.php?page=4|BSSScribe]] -- Nûrlâm's official transcriber (see also [[bssscribe|documentation page]])
+  * [[http://blackspeech.ru/transcriber/index.php|BSSScribe]] -- Nûrlâm's official transcriber (see also [[bssscribe|documentation page]])
   * [[https://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/glaemscribe.html|Glǽmscribe – The Tolkien language transcriber]] -- supports also Cirth and Sarati!
   * [[http://mimas.ceti.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en|Online Tengwar Transcriber]] ([[http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en|mirror]])
   * [[https://www.tecendil.com/|Tecendil]] -- the most popular online transcriber
-  * [[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm|TengScribe]] (The Tengwar Scribe -- the oldest tool for writing Tengwar)
+  * [[https://at.boktypografen.se/tengscribe.htm|TengScribe]] (The Tengwar Scribe -- the oldest tool for writing Tengwar)
   * [[http://linux.fjfi.cvut.cz/~nemec/tengwar/|YaTT - Yet another Tengwar Tool]] (may be installed on Linux via package managers)

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki