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syntax_possession [2021/08/22 19:39] – morgoth | syntax_possession [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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- | <todo !!!> | ||
- | </ | ||
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====== Expressions of possession ====== | ====== Expressions of possession ====== | ||
**// | **// | ||
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Nûrlâm do not have distinct possessive case, but //genitive case// is the most common way to mark **owner** (possessor) of subject or object. Possessive expression in that case may be considered as [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. When the possessor is a one-syllable long pronoun it may join the possessed noun as [[clitics|clitic]]. | Nûrlâm do not have distinct possessive case, but //genitive case// is the most common way to mark **owner** (possessor) of subject or object. Possessive expression in that case may be considered as [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. When the possessor is a one-syllable long pronoun it may join the possessed noun as [[clitics|clitic]]. | ||
- | Example 1: " | + | Example 1: " |
Example 2: "They came to the forest of elves" = " | Example 2: "They came to the forest of elves" = " | ||
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Comitative case (clitic postposition //-sha//, mostly identical to English preposition " | Comitative case (clitic postposition //-sha//, mostly identical to English preposition " | ||
- | Example 1: "Orc with knife is terrorizing the local area" = " | + | Example 1: "Orc with knife is terrorizing the local area" = " |
Example 2: "Mug is a beaker with handle" | Example 2: "Mug is a beaker with handle" | ||
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^ passive | possession | ^ passive | possession | ||
- | Example 1: "Uruk brusâ ash karm" = "Orc has a knife" | + | Example 1: "Uruk brusâ ash kirm" = "Orc has a knife" |
- | Example 2: "Karm kulâ tabzag urukirzi" | + | Example 2: "Kirm kulâ tabzag urukirzi" |
The verb " | The verb " | ||
- | Example: "Karm audâ urukûr" | + | Example: "Kirm audâ urukûr" |
The verb " | The verb " | ||
- | Example 1: " | + | Example 1: " |
- | Example 2: "Za uruk kulâ karmsha" = "This orc is with knife" | + | Example 2: "Za uruk kulâ kirmsha" = "This orc is with knife" |
==== Dynamic ===== | ==== Dynamic ===== | ||
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=== Obtaining the ownership === | === Obtaining the ownership === | ||
- | <WRAP center round todo 60%> | ||
- | < | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
The following verbs usually indicate obtaining the ownership over the direct object: | The following verbs usually indicate obtaining the ownership over the direct object: | ||
* brash- (get, gain, obtain, retrieve) | * brash- (get, gain, obtain, retrieve) | ||
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* snab- (get, acquire, lay hold of, take) | * snab- (get, acquire, lay hold of, take) | ||
* thrak- (to bring, hale, drag) | * thrak- (to bring, hale, drag) | ||
- | * tidurb- (conquer) | + | * thudurb- (conquer) |
* tûz- (buy, purchase, trade) | * tûz- (buy, purchase, trade) | ||
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^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^^ Examples ^ | ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^^ Examples ^ | ||
^ ::: ^ subject | ^ ::: ^ subject | ||
- | | 1 | new owner | + | | 1 | new owner |
- | | 2 | new owner | ::: | old owner | | + | | 2 | new owner | ::: | old owner | |
- | | 2 | agent | ::: | | + | | 2 | agent | ::: | |
- | | 2 | new owner | ::: | | + | | 2 | new owner | ::: | |
- | | 3 | agent | ::: | old owner | new owner | | + | | 3 | agent | ::: | old owner | new owner | |
- | | 3 | final owner | ::: | first owner | | + | | 3 | final owner | ::: | first owner | |
- | | 3 | agent | ::: | | + | | 3 | agent | ::: | |
- | | 4 | agent\\ (third owner) | + | | 4 | agent\\ (third owner) |
^ Passive voice ^^^^^^^ | ^ Passive voice ^^^^^^^ | ||
^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^^ Examples ^ | ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^^ Examples ^ | ||
^ ::: ^ subject | ^ ::: ^ subject | ||
- | | 1 | possession | + | | 1 | possession |
- | | 2 | ::: | old owner | new owner | | + | | 2 | ::: | old owner | new owner | |
- | | 2 | ::: | | + | | 2 | ::: | |
- | | 2 | ::: | | + | | 2 | ::: | |
- | | 3 | ::: | old owner | agent | new owner | | + | | 3 | ::: | old owner | agent | new owner |
- | | 3 | ::: | first owner | final owner | | + | | 3 | ::: | first owner | final owner | |
- | | 3 | ::: | | + | | 3 | ::: | |
- | | 4 | ::: | first owner | agent\\ (third owner) | + | | 4 | ::: | first owner | agent\\ (third owner) |
=== Loosing the ownership === | === Loosing the ownership === | ||
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* bûf- (lose) | * bûf- (lose) | ||
* draug (sell) | * draug (sell) | ||
- | * hud- (throw, cast, toss) | ||
* rang- (abandon, leave) | * rang- (abandon, leave) | ||
* throg- (give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue) | * throg- (give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue) | ||
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^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^ Examples ^ | ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^ Examples ^ | ||
^ ::: ^ subject | ^ ::: ^ subject | ||
+ | | 1 | old owner | possession | ||
+ | | 2 | agent | ::: | old owner | --- | Gazat drauguz yak tak__ob__ = Dwarves sold their weapons | | ||
+ | | 2 | old owner | ::: | --- | new owner | Kudug ranguzâ nazgum ash nurtab__ûr__ = Hobbit left the ring for his relative | | ||
+ | | 3 | agent | ::: | old owner | new owner | Lûntharth throguzâ nazgum golug__ob__ Shargroth__ûr__ = Círdan gave the elven ring to Gandalf | ||
^ Passive voice ^^^^^^ | ^ Passive voice ^^^^^^ | ||
^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^ Examples ^ | ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^ Examples ^ | ||
^ ::: ^ subject | ^ ::: ^ subject | ||
+ | | 1 | possession | ||
+ | | 2 | ::: | first owner | agent /\\ second owner | --- | Yak golug__ob__ kuzâ draugaga gazat__irzi__ = Elven weapon was sold by dwarves | | ||
+ | | 2 | ::: | --- | agent /\\ old owner | new owner | Nazgum kuzâ rangaga Frodo__zûr__ Bilbo__rzi__ | ||
+ | | 3 | ::: | first owner | agent\\ (second owner) | ||
- | + | The verb "kurb-" (to exchange, barter, trade) express both obtaining and loosing the ownership. New owner (indirect object) should be marked with // | |
- | The verb "praush-" (to trade, | + | |
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