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syntax_possession [2021/08/22 19:16] – morgoth | syntax_possession [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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- | <todo !!!> | ||
- | </ | ||
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====== Expressions of possession ====== | ====== Expressions of possession ====== | ||
**// | **// | ||
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Nûrlâm do not have distinct possessive case, but //genitive case// is the most common way to mark **owner** (possessor) of subject or object. Possessive expression in that case may be considered as [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. When the possessor is a one-syllable long pronoun it may join the possessed noun as [[clitics|clitic]]. | Nûrlâm do not have distinct possessive case, but //genitive case// is the most common way to mark **owner** (possessor) of subject or object. Possessive expression in that case may be considered as [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. When the possessor is a one-syllable long pronoun it may join the possessed noun as [[clitics|clitic]]. | ||
- | Example 1: " | + | Example 1: " |
Example 2: "They came to the forest of elves" = " | Example 2: "They came to the forest of elves" = " | ||
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Comitative case (clitic postposition //-sha//, mostly identical to English preposition " | Comitative case (clitic postposition //-sha//, mostly identical to English preposition " | ||
- | Example 1: "Orc with knife is terrorizing the local area" = " | + | Example 1: "Orc with knife is terrorizing the local area" = " |
Example 2: "Mug is a beaker with handle" | Example 2: "Mug is a beaker with handle" | ||
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^ passive | possession | ^ passive | possession | ||
- | Example 1: "Uruk brusâ ash karm" = "Orc has a knife" | + | Example 1: "Uruk brusâ ash kirm" = "Orc has a knife" |
- | Example 2: "Karm kulâ tabzag urukirzi" | + | Example 2: "Kirm kulâ tabzag urukirzi" |
The verb " | The verb " | ||
- | Example: "Karm audâ urukûr" | + | Example: "Kirm audâ urukûr" |
The verb " | The verb " | ||
- | Example 1: " | + | Example 1: " |
- | Example 2: "Za uruk kulâ karmsha" = "This orc is with knife" | + | Example 2: "Za uruk kulâ kirmsha" = "This orc is with knife" |
==== Dynamic ===== | ==== Dynamic ===== | ||
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=== Obtaining the ownership === | === Obtaining the ownership === | ||
- | <WRAP center round todo 60%> | ||
- | < | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
The following verbs usually indicate obtaining the ownership over the direct object: | The following verbs usually indicate obtaining the ownership over the direct object: | ||
* brash- (get, gain, obtain, retrieve) | * brash- (get, gain, obtain, retrieve) | ||
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* snab- (get, acquire, lay hold of, take) | * snab- (get, acquire, lay hold of, take) | ||
* thrak- (to bring, hale, drag) | * thrak- (to bring, hale, drag) | ||
- | * tidurb- (conquer) | + | * thudurb- (conquer) |
* tûz- (buy, purchase, trade) | * tûz- (buy, purchase, trade) | ||
Many of these verbs may have two indirect objects: new owner in dative case and old owner in ablative case, if the action was performed by subject which didn't got ownership at the end (e.g. on behalf of other person), only temporarily. Moreover the first owner or creator of object may be expressed by possessive phrase modifying the direct object, and there may be up to 4 participants (but such phrases are very confusing and not recommended to use). Some of these verbs may have no objects at all, but then they stop indicate changing of possessor and refer to regular action. | Many of these verbs may have two indirect objects: new owner in dative case and old owner in ablative case, if the action was performed by subject which didn't got ownership at the end (e.g. on behalf of other person), only temporarily. Moreover the first owner or creator of object may be expressed by possessive phrase modifying the direct object, and there may be up to 4 participants (but such phrases are very confusing and not recommended to use). Some of these verbs may have no objects at all, but then they stop indicate changing of possessor and refer to regular action. | ||
- | ^ Voice ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^^ Examples ^ | + | ^ |
- | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ subject | + | ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^^ Examples ^ |
- | ^ active | + | ^ ::: ^ subject |
- | ^ ::: | 2 | new owner | ::: | old owner | | + | | 1 | new owner |
- | ^ ::: | 2 | agent | ::: | | + | | 2 | new owner | ::: | old owner | |
- | ^ ::: | 2 | new owner | ::: | | + | | 2 | agent | ::: | |
- | ^ ::: | 3 | agent | ::: | old owner | new owner | | + | | 2 | new owner | ::: | |
- | ^ ::: | 3 | final owner | ::: | first owner | | + | | 3 | agent | ::: | old owner | new owner | |
- | ^ ::: | 3 | agent | ::: | | + | | 3 | final owner | ::: | first owner | |
- | ^ ::: | 4 | agent\\ (third owner) | + | | 3 | agent | ::: | |
+ | | 4 | agent\\ (third owner) | ||
- | ^ Voice ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^^ | + | ^ |
- | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ subject | + | ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^^ Examples |
- | ^ passive | + | ^ ::: ^ subject |
- | ^ ::: | 2 | ::: | old owner | new owner | | + | | 1 | |
- | ^ ::: | 2 | ::: | | + | | 2 | ::: | old owner | new owner | |
- | ^ ::: | 2 | ::: | | + | | 2 | ::: | |
- | ^ ::: | 3 | ::: | old owner | agent | new owner | | + | | 2 | ::: | |
- | ^ ::: | 3 | ::: | first owner | final owner | | + | | 3 | ::: | old owner | agent | new owner |
- | ^ ::: | 3 | ::: | | + | | 3 | ::: | first owner | final owner | |
- | ^ ::: | 4 | ::: | first owner | agent\\ (third owner) | + | | 3 | ::: | |
+ | | 4 | ::: | first owner | agent\\ (third owner) | ||
=== Loosing the ownership === | === Loosing the ownership === | ||
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* bûf- (lose) | * bûf- (lose) | ||
* draug (sell) | * draug (sell) | ||
- | * hud- (throw, cast, toss) | ||
* rang- (abandon, leave) | * rang- (abandon, leave) | ||
* throg- (give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue) | * throg- (give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue) | ||
- | The verb "praush-" (to trade, | + | These verbs may have zero or only one indirect object which must be in Dative case |
+ | ^ Active voice ^^^^^^ | ||
+ | ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^ Examples ^ | ||
+ | ^ ::: ^ subject | ||
+ | | 1 | old owner | possession | ||
+ | | 2 | agent | ::: | old owner | --- | Gazat drauguz yak tak__ob__ = Dwarves sold their weapons | | ||
+ | | 2 | old owner | ::: | --- | new owner | Kudug ranguzâ nazgum ash nurtab__ûr__ = Hobbit left the ring for his relative | | ||
+ | | 3 | agent | ::: | old owner | new owner | Lûntharth throguzâ nazgum golug__ob__ Shargroth__ûr__ = Círdan gave the elven ring to Gandalf | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Passive voice ^^^^^^ | ||
+ | ^ Number of\\ participants ^ Roles of ^^^^ Examples ^ | ||
+ | ^ ::: ^ subject | ||
+ | | 1 | possession | ||
+ | | 2 | ::: | first owner | agent /\\ second owner | --- | Yak golug__ob__ kuzâ draugaga gazat__irzi__ = Elven weapon was sold by dwarves | | ||
+ | | 2 | ::: | --- | agent /\\ old owner | new owner | Nazgum kuzâ rangaga Frodo__zûr__ Bilbo__rzi__ | ||
+ | | 3 | ::: | first owner | agent\\ (second owner) | ||
+ | |||
+ | The verb "kurb-" (to exchange, barter, trade) express both obtaining and loosing the ownership. New owner (indirect object) should be marked with // | ||
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