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syntax_absence [2021/08/13 21:29] – [3. Impersonal clauses] morgothsyntax_absence [2021/10/27 20:17] – [4. Impersonal clauses] morgoth
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 **//Expressions of absence//** may be counted as a subgroup of [[syntax_possession|expressions of possession]], but are [[syntax_negative|negated]]. They usually show that [[syntax_subject|subject]] do not possess the  [[syntax_object|object]] (which may be not a material object but an abstract quality). Absence in [[Nûrlâm]] may be expressed with three different constructions: **//Expressions of absence//** may be counted as a subgroup of [[syntax_possession|expressions of possession]], but are [[syntax_negative|negated]]. They usually show that [[syntax_subject|subject]] do not possess the  [[syntax_object|object]] (which may be not a material object but an abstract quality). Absence in [[Nûrlâm]] may be expressed with three different constructions:
   - Negated verb of possession + object in accusative case;   - Negated verb of possession + object in accusative case;
 +  - Negation of object in comitative case;
   - Object of possession becomes grammatical subject;   - Object of possession becomes grammatical subject;
   - Impersonal clause with object in genitive case (usually in subordinate sentences).   - Impersonal clause with object in genitive case (usually in subordinate sentences).
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 Typical verbs that express ownership in Nûrlâm are "tabz-" (to possess, to own) and "brus-" (to have [got]). To express absence they should be negated by prefix "nar-". This way looks like calque from English and is mostly used in colloquial speech. Example: "You have no power here!" = "Fi__**nar**brus__ bal zin!". Typical verbs that express ownership in Nûrlâm are "tabz-" (to possess, to own) and "brus-" (to have [got]). To express absence they should be negated by prefix "nar-". This way looks like calque from English and is mostly used in colloquial speech. Example: "You have no power here!" = "Fi__**nar**brus__ bal zin!".
  
-===== 2. Raising object to subject =====+===== 2. Negation of comitative case ===== 
 +Straightforward translation of English preposition "without" is done by adding negative particle "nar" **after** postposition of [[case_comitative|comitative case]] "sha" (with). Example: "Fikul balshanar zin" = "You're without power here!" 
 + 
 +===== 3. Raising object to subject =====
 Object of (lacked) possession may be raised to grammatical subject the following way: Object of (lacked) possession may be raised to grammatical subject the following way:
   - Object is being put into nominative case, thus becoming the subject.    - Object is being put into nominative case, thus becoming the subject. 
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 For example: "You have no power here!" = "Finarbrus bal zin!" => "Bal __**nar**(kulâ)__ (zin) fi__sha__!" ("Balnarfisha", lit. "Power isn't (here) with you!") For example: "You have no power here!" = "Finarbrus bal zin!" => "Bal __**nar**(kulâ)__ (zin) fi__sha__!" ("Balnarfisha", lit. "Power isn't (here) with you!")
  
-===== 3. Impersonal clauses =====+===== 4. Impersonal clauses =====
 [[syntax_impersonal|Impersonal clauses]] may be used to translate English negative [[syntax_existential|existential clauses]] "there is/are no...": [[syntax_impersonal|Impersonal clauses]] may be used to translate English negative [[syntax_existential|existential clauses]] "there is/are no...":
   - Dummy subject "there" is not used in Nûrlâm   - Dummy subject "there" is not used in Nûrlâm
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   - Object is put into [[case_genitive|genitive case]].   - Object is put into [[case_genitive|genitive case]].
  
-Example 1: "He runs like __there is no__ tomorrow" = "Takarg oth __nar__ ârshab__ob__".+Example 1: "He runs like __there is no__ tomorrow" = "Takhîg oth __nar__ ârshab__ob__".
  
-Example 2((combined with variant 2)): "__Nar__ bal__ob__ fisha" = "There is no power with you!"+Example 2((combined with variant 3)): "__Nar__ bal__ob__ fisha" = "There is no power with you!"
  
 <wrap info> </wrap>\_Please note, that English impersonal expressions of prohibition like "No way!" or "No smoking!" do not mean absence and are translated differently: "no way" = "nararz"((this is not how)) = "nardabhaga"((not allowed)), "no smoking" = "trim nardabhaga"((smoke is not allowed)). <wrap info> </wrap>\_Please note, that English impersonal expressions of prohibition like "No way!" or "No smoking!" do not mean absence and are translated differently: "no way" = "nararz"((this is not how)) = "nardabhaga"((not allowed)), "no smoking" = "trim nardabhaga"((smoke is not allowed)).
syntax_absence.txt · Last modified: 2023/09/07 19:38 by 127.0.0.1
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