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-====== Swadesh lists for Nûrlâm ======
-**//Swadesh list//** is the short set of words used for historical-comparative linguistics and lexicostatistics. It consists of wide-spread, universal words available in the most languages of the world. However as it's seen on [[Nûrlâm]] [[black_speech_dialects|dialect]], Black Speech is lacking categories of [[grammar_number|number]] and [[grammar_gender|animacy]] but with words describing several humanoid species this "universality" is not always true. See [[wp>Swadesh_list|Wikipedia]] for more information on this subject. Also, please notice, that Swadesh lists have nothing to do with frequency of words' appearance in real texts or speech.
-Examples for various aspects of Nûrlâm at these wiki pages will try to restrict their [[lexicon]] to this list and some additional words mentioned in [[tolkien_word_list|Tolkien's sources]].
-===== Swadesh 207 words list =====
-<WRAP center round todo 60%>
-<todo !!>continue to make links to categories</todo>
-</WRAP>
-Words appeared in final 100 words list ([[#Swadesh_100_words_list|see below]]) are marked **bold**. Authentic Nûrlâm words invented specially for this dialect or for BlackSpeech.ru web-site are marked with asterisk (*) and borrowed from other dialects (except Shadowlandian) with //italics//.
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ((see the list of [[abbreviations]])) ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|   1 | **I** | //da// | pron | HORN "da";\\ compare with Urartian ending "-də" of intransitive verb in 1st person singular | Please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|   2 | **you** (sing.); thou | fi* | pron | Gnomish singular "fi" + Hurrian standalone singular "fe"  | Please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|   3 | he | ta | pron | EL "tak" (they), all major dialects from Etym. "TA" (that), Qenya "ta" (that, it), replaced in later Quenya | means any 3rd person singular (he, she, it);\\ please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|   4 | **we** | //dak// | pron | HORN "dak", in analogy with 3rd person "ta" -- "tak" | please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|   5 | you (pl.); ye | gi* | pron | Gnomish "gwe" (pl.), DS "ki" < Adûnaic "ki" & Qenya "ke" (sing.), DS "gi" (your) | please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|   6 | they | tak | pron | EL | please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|   7 | **this** | za | pron | EL, all major dialects | means also "these" in Nûrlâm; often used as definite article "the" | [[pronouns#demonstrative_pronouns|Demonstrative pronouns]], [[proform|Pro-forms]] |
-|   8 | **that** | zîg* | pron | LOS < HORN < EL "za" (this) + NL "tîg" (there) | means also "those" in Nûrlâm | [[pronouns#demonstrative_pronouns|Demonstrative pronouns]], [[proform|Pro-forms]] |
-|   9 | here | 1) zin* | pro | "za" (this, see #7) + "in" < Quenya "en" (there, look!) < Etym. "EN-" (over there, yonder) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
-| ::: | :::  | 2) pot | adv | SV < "pôt-" (to come) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[lexicon:slang|colloquial]] |
-|  10 | there | 1) zîgin* | pro | "zîg" (that, see #8) + "in" (see #9) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) tîg* | adv | SV, all major dialects, "atîg" (over there) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[lexicon:slang|colloquial]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|  11 | **who** | 1) mai* | pron | BS "hai" (people, folk, race) + interrogative prefix "m-" | interrogative (question) | [[pronouns#relative_and_interrogative_pronouns|Relative & Interrogative pronouns]], [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|  ::: | ::: | 2) amai* | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
-|  12 | **what** | 1) mash | pron | LOS | interrogative (question) | [[pronouns#relative_and_interrogative_pronouns|Relative & Interrogative pronouns]], [[proform|Pro-forms]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) amash | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
-|  13 | where | 1) min* | pron | see "here" (#9) | interrogative (question) | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) amin* | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
-|  14 | when | 1) mil* | pron | SV "il" (time) + interrogative prefix "m-" | interrogative (question) | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:time|temporal]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) amil* | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
-|  15 | how | 1) marz* | pron | interrogative prefix "m-" + adverb suffix "-arz" | interrogative (question) | [[proform|Pro-forms]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) amarz* | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
-|  16 | **not** | nar | clitic | AN, all major dialects | used as prefix or suffix like "non-", "dis-", "un-", "-n't" | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]], [[lexicon:auxiliary|auxiliary]] |
-|  17 | **all** | ûk | pron | TK, RI | used as suffix/clitic pronoun; also clitic adverb with literal meaning "fully, completely" used to express perfect(ive) aspects of verb | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|  18 | **many** | //mak// | adj, pron | SV | also means "lots", "much"; as quantifier used with noun in Genitive; also means indefinite pronoun | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
-|  19 | some | //mûd// | adj, pron | HG < LOS "mupsh" < MB | used both as quantifier (e.g. some milk) and indefinite pronoun (e.g. some say) | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
-|  20 | few | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
-|  21 | other | isk* | pron | merging Quenya "exë" + LOS "izg" (I) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|  22 | **one** | ash | # | TK, RI | often used as indefinite article (a, an); as Nûrlâm lacks grammar category of number, it denotes singular, because nouns are plural by default | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]], [[lexicon:people|people]], [[lexicon:auxiliary|auxiliary]] |
-|  23 | **two** | krul | # | LOS | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
-|  24 | three | krig* | # | Hurrian "kig-"; EL "gakh", all major dialects; changed to avoid confusion with AN "gâkh-" (may, let); compare with EH "krilg" | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
-|  25 | four | hant* | # | merging ON "jhet" with Etym. "KÁNAT" | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
-|  26 | five | krâk | # | LL | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
-|  27 | **big** | 1) dau* | adj | Sindarin "daer" (great, large); compare with LOS "dur" (big, large) with same Etymology, changed to avoid ambiguity with SV ("head") and DS ("soon") | great, large | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) pol* | ::: | Quenya "polda" (big), "poldor" (physical strength, might) | big, large, physically strong (all about person) | [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[lexicon:quality|quality]] |
-|  28 | **long** | //rodh// | adj | HORN |  | [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[lexicon:time|time]] |
-|  29 | wide | 1) plan* | adj | Quenya "palan", "palda" < Etym. "PAL", as in "Palantir" | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) yan* | ::: | Quenya "yána", Sindarin "iaun" (wide, vast, huge) | wide, vast, roomy, extensive | ::: |
-|  30 | thick | //hath// | adj | HORN (means also "heavy"), marked as borrowed from SV but without original form, and it's absent in Svartiska dictionaries | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
-|  31 | heavy | bûrd* | adj | merging LOS, SV, HG "bur" (weight), "burûrz" (heavy) < MB with LP "brauda" < Adûnaic "burôda", "buruda" | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
-|  32 | **small; little** | 1) //sta// | adj | SV, HORN "sta" (small, little, low, short, puny, light-weight); compare with Etym. "STINTÂ" (short) | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[clitics|clitic]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //mik// | ::: | SV (small, little); compare with DS "mig" | sometimes used as prefix | ::: |
-|  33 | short | //sta// | adj | see #32 | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
-|  34 | narrow | yat* | adj | Quenya "yatta" (narrow neck) | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
-|  35 | thin | //boh// | adj | HORN (slim, thin, slight, slender); marked as borrowed from SV (as LOS "bukol") but was not found in Svartiska dictionary | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|  36 | **woman; female** | -niz* | suffix | Quenya "nís" (noun "woman") | feminizer suffix like "-ess", "she-" | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|  37 | **man; male** | nor* | n | Etym. "NDER", "DER" | male person of any race | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|  38 | **person; man** | shra | n | LOS, SV < EL "shara" (human) < TK "sharkû" (old man) | person of any race and gender, also "people" | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|  39 | child | 1) dâg | n | LOS, compare with SV "dagalush" (small imp, goblin) and "dâgalûr" (demon) | about age | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) khind* | ::: | NL < Adûnaic "-hin" (child, patronymic suffix) | refers both to age and degree of kinship | ::: |
-|  40 | wife | firniz* | n | see #41 + feminizer suffix (see #36) |  | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|  41 | husband | fir* | n | Quenya "veru" (married pair) | also means "spouse", "consort", "mate" (only biological meaning) | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|  42 | mother | krankniz* | n | see #43 + feminizer suffix (see #36) | | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-|  43 | father | krank | n | LOS | in Nûrlâm means more like "parent", "ancestor" | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|  44 | animal; beast | 1) alai | n | LOS < SV "alaj" (animal, beast) | in Nûrlâm more like any living but non-intelligent creature (but not trees) | [[lexicon:animals|animals]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //bork// | ::: | SV (animal) | "animal", usually refers to mammals and reptiles | ::: |
-|  45 | **fish** | skab* | n | Etym. "SKAL<sup>2</sup>" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  46 | **bird** | aig* | n | Gnomish "aigli", Sindarin "aew" < Etym. "AIWÊ" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  47 | **dog** | hunk* | n | Etym. "KHUG", "KHUGAN", probably Indo-European origin (Germanic "hund", Latin "canis"); compare with Sindarin "hû", PN Silm. "Huan"; compare with HORN "huk", SV "hundur", ON "kon" | also "hound" | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]] |
-|  48 | **louse** | abh* | n | Hurrian "aphe" | may refer any skin or hair parasite (also "flea", "crum", "mite", "tick", "acarid" etc.) | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]] |
-|  49 | snake | lûg* | n | Etym. "LOK", [[Elven_languages|Gnomish]] "Lug", probably AO | bigger snake, dragon | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:rpg|roleplay]] |
-|  50 | worm | zom* | n | SV "dhomaj" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]] |
-|  51 | **tree** | orn* | n | Quenya "ornë" (isolated tree) |  | [[lexicon:botany|plants]] |
-|  52 | forest | tau | n | LOS < Sindarin "taw", "taur" | also "woods" | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-|  53 | stick | ghru | n | LOS (stick, pole, penis, club) < SV "ghrû" (erected penis) | also euphemism for "penis" | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:tools|tools]], [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]], [[lexicon:slang|colloquial]] |
-|  54 | fruit | gau* | n | Quenya "yávë" | may refer to vegetables also | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  55 | **seed** (botanics) | 1) blûz* | n | Gnomish "bloss" (wheat) + SV "blûg" (seed, grain), most major dialects, also "blûg-" (grind, mill) < Albanian "bluaj" (to grind, mill) | also "grain" (incl. of sand) | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) sru | ::: | LOS < MB < SV, also SV "srû" (fruit) | also "grain", "barley", "corn", "wheat" | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  56 | **leaf** (botanics) | 1) //pâth// | n | ZB < Valarin "Ibrîniðilpathânezel" (Telperion, "Silver-flower leaf-green"); suitable as merging of LOS (see [2]), SV "gathl" and HORN "pa" < Sumerian | only literal meaning | [[lexicon:botany|plants]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) gâth | ::: | LOS < MB (also "page", "sheet"), SV "gathl" (leaf, paper, sheet) | also "page" (of book), "sheet" (of paper) | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-|  57 | **root** (botanics) | bugh | n | LOS (root, origin) < MB, SV "bughn" (root, origin, source, beginning) | more literal meaning then in other dialects | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  58 | **bark** (of tree) | parb* | n | Quenya "parma" | | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-|  59 | flower | lûth* | n | NL < Sindarin "loth", Gnomish "lôs" | also "bloom" | [[lexicon:botany|plants]] |
-|  60 | grass | barth* | n | merging SV, all major dialects "bar" (also means "hay" in SV) with Sindarin "parth" (field, sward, enclosed grassland) | | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|  61 | rope | krimp | n | LOS < TK, RI "krimpat" (to bind, tie); see also "tie" (#137) | | [[lexicon:tools|Tools]] |
-|  62 | **skin** | daft* | n | melting Gnomish "daf", "dôf", "dauth" | also of fruits and vegetables ("peel", "rind") | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  63 | **meat; flesh** | 1) hrau* | n | Quenya "hroa" (body, flesh, physical form), Sindarin "rhaw" (flesh) | more like "flesh" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) âps | ::: | LOS Quenya "apsa" (cooked food, meat), Etym. "AP" | more like meal (for cooking) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  64 | **blood** | ghor* | n | Sindarin "iûr", "iâr" < Etym. "YAR"; Sindarin "agar"; Primitive Elvish "okhor" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-| ::: | ::: | shirk* | ::: | DS "sherku", "shirku" < Quenya "sercë", Sindarin "sereg" | ::: | ::: |
-|  65 | **bone** | takh* | n | SV "tach" (bone)\\ ? Etym. "TELEK" (stalk, stem, leg), compare with Sindarin "talch" (stem) | may refer to leg (#81) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-|  66 | **fat; grease** | tôm* | n | LOS "tûm" (fat, grease, oil) < MB, SV "tû" (fatty, fleshy, flabby); compare with Sindarin "tûg" (fat, thick) < TIW; changed to avoid cognates | may refer to "oil" as in LOS | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  67 | **egg** | fird* | n | merging LOS "fîl" (bird), Hurrian "erade" (bird), Gnomish "uitha" (to lay eggs) with NL "fir-" (to mate) | see #67, #41 | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  68 | **horn** (e.g. of bull) | ras | n | LOS < Quenya "rasco", "rassë" < Etym. "RAS" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-|  69 | **tail** (of animal) | baut* | n | merging Qenya "pint" with LOS "baush" < SV "baushat" < Albanian "pisht" |  | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  70 | **feather** | pozg* | n | NL < Noldorin "pesseg" (pillow), Quenya "quessë" (feather) < Etym. "KWES" (feather) | also "plume" | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|  71 | **hair** (of head) | zud* | n | EH "azud" < Valarin "(a)šata" | in Nûrlâm refers to all hairs as a whole | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  72 | **head** (anatomy) | kaz* | n | Quenya "cas" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  73 | **ear** | khlau* | n | merging LOS "khlât" < Quenya "hlar" (hear) with Sindarin "law" (a pair of ears) < Etym. "LAS"<sup>[2]</sup>; changed to escape ambiguity with verb | see also "hear" (#102) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  74 | **eye** | hont | n | LOS < Quenya "hen(d)"  | compare with "see" (#101) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  75 | **nose** | pund | n | merging Hurrian "punhi" with Qenya "penta" with Noldorin "bunn" < Etym. "(M)BUD" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  76 | **mouth** | pug* | n | NL < LOS, HORN "pu" < Quenya "pé" (lip, mouth) | also "lips" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  77 | **tooth** | 1) glok | n | LOS | not fang or tusk | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //kug// | n | HORN | ::: | ::: |
-| ::: | ::: | 3) //nogh// | n | DS (Moria) < DS (PO) "nakṛ" < Etym. "NAK" (to bite) | ::: | ::: |
-|  78 | **tongue** | lâm | n | LOS < Quenya "lambë" | also "language" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  79 | **claw**; (finger)**nail** | namp* | n | NL < Quenya "namma", "nappa" | only "claw" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  80 | **foot** | //thul// | n | DS (Isengard) "tʰul" < Quenya "tál", Sindarin "tâl" | also a unit of measure | [[lexicon:anatomy|Anatomy]], [[lexicon:measure|Measure]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|  81 | leg | pakh* | n | merging Middle-Quenya "pelko" with Gnomish "bachta" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  82 | **knee** | //okh// | n | SV (BA) < Quenya "occa" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  83 | **hand** | 1) //bazg// | n | SV (arm, hand) | also "arm" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //nalg// | ::: | SV (hand) | also "palm" | ::: |
-|  84 | wing | skoir | n | LOS < "skoi-" (to fly) (see #120) | not of building | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]] |
-|  85 | **belly** (abdomen) | thûn* | n | SV "thlûn", most major dialects,\\ changed according to dialect rules | also "stomach" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  86 | guts | 1) hosh | n | TK, OC "búb-hosh" | in other translation "heap" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //khurg// | n | DS | guts, bowels | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  87 | **neck** | mâs* | n | NL < LOS "mâsl" < MB | also of bottle, also "throat" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  88 | back (of body) | krum | n | LOS | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  89 | **breast** | nirn* | n | Hurrian "neḫerni" | also "chest" (of body) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  90 | **heart** | tish* | n | NL < Hurrian "tiša", "tiža", "tižna", "tižni" | physical heart (not center, middle) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-|  91 | **liver** | slârg* | n | merging LOS "slai-" (to live), "sâr" (bitter) and "snâg" (soft, smooth) |  | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-|  92 | **drink** | 1) akr- | v | LOS |  | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //shog-// | v | DS < Eldarin "suk-", "sok-" < Etym. "SUK"; compare with English "suck", Russian "sok" (juice), Latin "sugere" (to suck), "succus" (juice); probably common Indo-European word of sound-imitating origin; also "soup", "sip" and many others | ::: | ::: |
-|  93 | **eat** | //throkh-// | v | SV < LL "throqu" | to eat, devour, swallow | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]] |
-|  94 | **bite** | nâkh-* | v | Etym. NAK, Sindarin "nag" |  | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]] |
-|  95 | suck | zug-* | v | LOS "zug" (lip) < MB < SV "zugl" (border); LOS, SV, MB "zu-" (to suck); changed according to dialect's rules |  | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
-|  96 | spit | pûth-* | v | melting SV "pûshatîg-" with Quenya "piuta-" | | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]] |
-|  97 | vomit | hih-* | v | Noldorin "hich" |  | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-|  98 | blow | thûth- | v | Quenya "súta", "susta", "surya", Gnomish "sûtha" < Etym. "THÛ"; see also "sûm" (to breathe, #99) | also about wind | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]] |
-|  99 | breathe | sûm-* | v | LOS "sû-" (v), "sûm" (n); changed according to Nûrlâm rules; see also "thûth" (to blow, #98)  | | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]] |
-| 100 | laugh | lal-* | v | Quenya "lala-" | | [[lexicon:mind|mind]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]] |
-| 101 | **see** | hon- | v | LOS (look, see, watch) < Quenya "hend" (eye) | look, see, watch (compare with "eye", #74) | [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
-| ::: | ::: | //kin-// | v | DS < Quenya "cen", same Etymology as "hend" above | also "behold" | ::: |
-| 102 | **hear** | 1) khlâr- | v | LOS < Quenya "hlar-" | compare with #73 (ear) | [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) koz- | ::: | LOS < HORN | | ::: |
-| 103 | **know** | îst- | v | LOS < Quenya "ista" | as in Quenya "Istari" (wizards) | [[lexicon:mind|mind]] |
-| ::: | ::: | gol-* | v | TK AO "golug" (Noldor elf) < "ÑGOLOD" (one of the wise folk, Gnome) < "ÑGOL" (wise); compare with CBS & Sindarin "gûl" | means deeper, secret knowledge, wisdom | ::: |
-| 104 | think | ûs- | v | LOS < Quenya "ósanwë" (telepathy) | | [[lexicon:mind|mind]] |
-| 105 | smell | skûm- | v | LOS | feel odor, use the nose; not "be smelly" | [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
-| 106 | fear | ufur- | v | LOS < "uf-" (frighten) < TK PN "Ufthak" | fear of smth., not frighten smb. | [[lexicon:mind|mind]], [[lexicon:senses|senses]], [[lexicon:verbs_modal|modal]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| 107 | **sleep** | lor-* | v | Quenya "olor" (dream) (n) < Etym. "LOS-" | not //dream// | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]] |
-| 108 | live | kîb-* | v | DS (BS) "kîbum" (n), probably from Quenya "cuivië" < Etym. "KUY" (come to life, awake) (see also "kul-", to be) | | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]] |
-| 109 | **die** | 1) mat- | v | EL, all major dialects | more about natural death (like in bed, of aging, etc.) | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //ghur-// | ::: | DS (Moria) < DS (PO) "gura-", "guru-" < Sindarin "guru" < Etym. "ÑGUR" | | ::: |
-| 110 | **kill** | dog-* | v | TK PN "Boldog" (torment-slayer) < Etym. "NDAK" | slay | [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-| 111 | fight | 1) mauk- | v | LOS, probably from [[Elven_languages|Qenya]] "mahtar" (warrior) < Etym. "MAK" | literally, with weapons or fists | [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //tad-// | v | HORN < MERP "bartas" (brawl) | to face, fight (one on one), battle with, struggle, deal with, meet at battlefield | [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| 112 | hunt | farb-* | v | SV "vorb-" (to hunt, pursuit), "várbatár" (hunter) + Sindarin "farad" (hunter), "faras" (hunt) | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| 113 | hit | grush- | v | LOS, SV, MERP; probably from English "crush" | hit (in face, jaw); punch; strike | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:rpg|rpg]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]] |
-| 114 | cut | 1) grish-* | v | TK PN "Grishnákh", probably from Sindarin "criss" < Etym. "KIRIS" | cut, cleave, slash | [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) ak- | v | LOS < Quenya "ecet" (short stabbing sword) | eg. with knife, also "to stab" (#116) | [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| 115 | split | sorgh- | v | all major dialects < SV | split, divide, cleave | [[lexicon:technology|technology]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
-| 116 | stab | ak- | v | LOS < Quenya "ecet" (short stabbing sword) | also "to cut" (#114) | [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:hands|hand]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| 117 | scratch | shrip-* | v | Etym. "SRIP" | | [[lexicon:hands|hands]] |
-| 118 | dig | //rong-// | v | HORN < TK OC "bagronk" | | [[lexicon:building|building]] |
-| 119 | **swim** | lunt-* | v | LOS "lunt" (boat) (n) < Quenya "luntë" | to swim, sail, row | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]] |
-| 120 | **fly** | skoir-* | v | LOS "skoi-", also noun; LOS "skoir" (wing, #84); changed according to dialect's rules | literally "flap with wings" | [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-| 121 | **walk** | ukh- | v | LOS | go, walk (unfinished or continuous action) | [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
-| 122 | **come** | skât- | v | LOS | finished action; in Nûrlâm also "arrive" | [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
-| 123 | **lie** (on side, in bed); recline | kât- | v | LOS (lie down) < Quenya "caita" | | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]] |
-| 124 | **sit** | duz- | v | LOS < HORN |  | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]] |
-| 125 | **stand** (upright, be erected) | bin-* | v | Etym. "MINI" (stand alone) | | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]] |
-| 126 | turn | kurg-* | v | merging Quenya "quer" (to turn) with LOS "rag-" < SV and with Quenya "corna" (round) < Etym. "KOR"; similarity with Russian "krug" is accidental | compare with "round" (#190) | [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]] |
-| 127 | fall | 1) lûmp- | v | LOS  | also morally | [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:mind|mind]], [[lexicon:quality|quality]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //zad-// | v | DS; coincidentally related to MERP "zaduk-", ZA "zâdûk-" (to destroy) < probably SV "sadáuk" (attack, assault) | also about buildings and war (e.g. "garrison has fallen", "city has fallen") | [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]] |
-| 128 | **give** | throg-* | v | NL < merging TK, RI "thrakat" (to bring) with Qenya "toqo-" (to yield, give, bring forth, bear) (mostly about childbirth and harvest) | to give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]] |
-| 129 | hold | 1) fîth- | v | LOS | incl. military | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]], [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) unr- | ::: | LOS, HORN | only literally | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]] |
-| 130 | squeeze | sang-* | v | Quenya "sanga" (crowd, press, throng)(n), "sangië" (necessity, pressure, tribulation) | press, weigh down, squeeze | [[lexicon:technology|technology]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-| 131 | rub | krûf- | v | LOS < SV, MB "krûv-" (to rub, polish, file) | | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]] |
-| 132 | wash | yol-* | v | Sindarin "iôl" | clean with water | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-| 133 | wipe | thig-* | v | LOS "thag-" < SV; changed to avoid ambiguity with HORN ("ten") and DS ("more"); compare with Gnomish "thisc" (adj), "thista-" (v) | dry out, wipe; refers to dry cleaning; compare with "dry" (#195) | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]] |
-| 134 | pull | sûh-* | v | DS (Moria) "sû" < DS (PO) "tugu" < Middle-Quenya "tuk-" (to draw, pull behind) | pull, drag, draw (incl. a weapon) | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
-| 135 | push | hat-* | v | SV "hashat" (spear) + LOS, SV "shatîg-" (to press, push, weigh down), probably from Quenya "sahtië" (pressure, forcing) | also may mean "to poke", "to thrust", "to jab" | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
-| 136 | throw | af- | v | LOS | cast, throw, toss | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]], [[lexicon:rpg|rpg]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]] |
-| 137 | tie | krimp- | v | TK, RI (to bind); see also "rope" (#61) | to bind, tie | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]] |
-| 138 | sew (clothes) | hluth-* | v | LOS "hlu-" < MB < SV (to stick, knit); changed according to Nûrlâm rules; compare also with LOS "hluth" (flag, banner) and SV "hluthrum" (cloth) | to sew, stitch | [[lexicon:cloth|cloth]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]] |
-| 139 | count (numbers) | ont-* | v | Quenya "onot-" | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]], [[lexicon:mind|mind]] |
-| 140 | **say** | gashn- | v | LOS, probably from Valarin "akašân" = "he (Eru) says" | to speak, say, tell; do not mix with "ghâsh-" (to burn) | [[lexicon:mind|mind]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]], [[lexicon:verbs_modal|modal]] |
-| 141 | sing | lash- | v | LOS (LUG), HORN < SV "aklash" (music) | | [[lexicon:mind|mind]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]] |
-| 142 | play | tail- | v | LOS < MB, SV < Quenya "tyal-" | play, exercise, practice, train | [[lexicon:verbs|verbs]], [[lexicon:rpg|rpg]], [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]] |
-| 143 | float | gump-* | v | SV "gûm-" (to fly) | | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
-| 144 | flow | sir-* | v | Quenya "sírë" | see also "river" (#152) | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
-| 145 | freeze | gogh-* | v | Sindarin "gochel" (a mass of ice) < Etym. "KHEL" | see also "ice" (#165) | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-| 146 | swell | folg-* | v | NL < Gnomish "polc" (fat) < Primitive Elvish "PULU" (to swell) | to swell, bloat | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-| 147 | **sun** | //ûzh// | n | DS (Moria) < Quenya "úrë" (heat) < Etym. "UR" (be hot), Valarin "urus"; see also "fire" (#167, 2) | some languages have numerous epithetic names of the Sun | [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
-| 148 | **moon** | //shil// | n | SV, HG (only "month"); probably from Quenya "isil", "sil", "silm", Sindarin "ithil" (moon) | moon, month | [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]], [[lexicon:time|time]] |
-| 149 | **star** | ilz | n | LOS < Quenya "elen" | | [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]], [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
-| 150 | **water** | nîn | n | LOS < Quenya "nén" | | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:material|material]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
-| 151 | **rain** | miz* | n | Quenya "mistë" | see also "wet" (#194) | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
-| 152 | river | sîr* | n | Quenya "sírë" | see also "to flow" (#144) | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
-| 153 | lake | 1) rink* | n | TK, OC "ronk" + Quenya "ringwë" = "cold pool or lake (in mountains)" < Etym. "RINGI" (cold) | | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) ain* | ::: | Quenya "ailo", "ailin" (lake, pool) | ::: | ::: |
-| 154 | sea | kârsh* | n | NL, merging Quenya "Ekkaia" (outer sea), probably from Quenya "ëar", Sindarin "gaear" with Hurrian "kiaše" | sea, ocean |[[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
-| 155 | salt | kaish | n | NL < Hurrian "kiaše" (sea) | | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-| 156 | **stone** | gund | n | EL, all major dialects < Sindarin "Gondor" (Stone Land), Gondolin < Etym. "GOND" | | Materials, Terrain |
-| 157 | **sand** | tus* | n | Qenya "tyusse" | | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
-| 158 | dust | 1) maul* | n | Quenya "malo" (pollen) < Etym. "SMAL" (pollen, powder, <del>flour</del>) | dust, powder, pollen | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:botany|plants]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) hîsht | ::: | LOS < SV | ash (#168), dust | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
-| 159 | **earth** (soil, ground) | ghâmp | n | LOS; compare with Etym. "KEM" (soil) | earth, soil, ground | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
-| 160 | **cloud** | shust* | n | Khuzdul "shathûr" + Gnomish "ust" |  | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
-| 161 | fog | hizg* | n | Quenya "hiswë" | fog, mist, haze | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
-| 162 | sky | 1) nût | n | EL, all major dialects | | [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) khîl* | n | DS "kʰīm" (Isengard), "kilm" (Mordor) < Proto-Orkish "kilmi" < Gnomish "climli" (heaven, sky), Adûnaic "gimli" (star) < Etym. "ƷEL" + MERP "kîl" < Albanian "qiell" | ::: | ::: |
-| 163 | wind | zûl* | n | Sindarin "sûl" | | [[lexicon:weather|weather]] |
-| 164 | snow | 1) fau* | n | Gnomish "fô", Qenya "fáwe" (n), "fauta-" (v) | | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) shrish* | ::: | Etym. "SRIS", "<del>SRITH</del>" | ::: | ::: |
-| 165 | ice | gogh* | n | Sindarin "gochel" < Etym. "KHEL" | see also "freeze" (#145) | Weather, Materials, Cooking |
-| 166 | **smoke** | 1) bhraf | n | LOS < MB "bhrev" | | [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //trim// | ::: | SV | smoke, fume | ::: |
-| 167 | **fire** | 1) ghâsh | n | TK, CBS, probably from Valarin "igas" (heat) | fire, flame | [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) urush* | ::: | Valarin "urus", Etym. "UR-" | ::: | ::: |
-| 168 | **ash**, ashes | hîsht | n | LOS < SV | see also "dust" (#158, 2) | [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
-| 169 | **burn** | ghâsh- | v | LL < TK, all major dialects | see also "fire" (#167) | [[lexicon:fire|fire]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
-| 170 | **road; path; trail** | 1) mûl | n | LOS < Quenya "malle" | also "way" | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //mong// | ::: | DS | | ::: |
-| 171 | **mountain** | 1) urun* | n | Quenya "oron" < "ÓROT" | | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) rod* | ::: | TK PN "Othrod", probably from Etym. "ÓROT", compare with Sindarin "__Orod__ruin" | ::: | ::: |
-| ::: | ::: | 3) urbh | ::: | LOS < HORN | also "pile" | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-| 172 | **red** | karn | adj | LOS < Quenya "carnë" | | Adjectives, Colors |
-| 173 | **green** | ûzûl* | adj | LOS "uzul" < Vanyarin Quenya, Valarin "ezel" < "Ezellôchâr" (green mound); changed to escape ambiguity with verb's suffixes of 3rd person plural, past tense | | Adjectives, Colors |
-| 174 | **yellow** | 1) snâl* | adj | LOS "mâl" < Quenya "malina" < Etym. "SMAL", changed to escape ambiguity with other dialects | | Adjectives, Colors |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //tulkh// | adj | ZB < Valarin "tulukh" < Tulukhastâz (Tulkas, golden-haired) | yellow, golden | ::: |
-| 175 | **white** | nink | adj | LOS < Quenya "ninquë" < Etym. "NIK-W" | | Adjectives, Colors |
-| 176 | **black** | mor | adj | LOS < Sindarin "mor(n)", Noldorin "maur" (gloom) < Etym. "MOR" (black) | this translation comes from Sindarin, but more "Orcish" translation was probably "dark" (however this translation was abandoned) | Adjectives, Colors, Evil |
-| 177 | **night** | fugh* | n | Gnomish "fuʒu", "fui" | | Time, Light |
-| 178 | day | ârsh | n | LOS, probably from Etym. "AR"[1], compare with Quenya "arië" (daytime), "árë" (daylight), "aurë" (day, daylight) | | Time, Light |
-| 179 | year | ûzhraug* | n | DS "ûzh" (Sun, #147), HG "raug" (round) | literally "sun cycle" | Time |
-| 180 | **warm; hot** (weather) | 1) khâshûrz* | adj | "khâsh" (warmth) (n) < TK "ghâsh" (fire, #167) | warm | Adjectives, Weather, Fire |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) gashûrz* | ::: | "gash" (heat) (n) < SV "gash-" (to burn) < TK "ghâsh" (fire, #167) | hot | ::: |
-| 181 | **cold** (weather) | graz | adj | LOS < SV | cold, cool, chill; may refer to raw food | Adjectives, Weather, Cooking |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-| 182 | **full** | gûk* | adj | melting of LOS < SV "gûk-" (to fill, pour), TK suffix "-ûk" (all) and LOS "ghûk" (complete, entire) < SV (adv) | | Adjectives |
-| 183 | **new** | 1) fîn | adj | LOS < Quenya "vinya" | | Adjectives, Time |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //gin// | adj | DS, probably from Etym. "GWEN" (fresh) which gives the same Quenya word "vinya" as variant 1 | ::: | ::: |
-| ::: | ::: | 3) ûn | adj | LOS < HORN | ::: | ::: |
-| 184 | old | kû | adj | TK "sharkû" ("old man", orcish nickname of Saruman) | | Adjectives, Time |
-| 185 | **good** | 1) bhog | adj | LOS (LUG) < HORN < Latin "bono" | | Adjectives |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) nîr* | ::: | NL, Hurrian "niri" + SV "mîr" < Albanian | good, kind, nice, pretty, pleasant, enjoyable, lovely, beautiful | ::: |
-| 186 | bad | fik | adj | LOS < Quenya "feg" | | Adjectives, Evil |
-| 187 | rotten | nirgûrz* | adj | "nirg-" (to rot) (v) < Qenya "narqa-" (fade, wither), Gnomish "narcos" + NL "nir" (good) | | Food, Physiology, Evil |
-| 188 | dirty | dug* | adj | "filth" (n) < TK OC "pushdug" (stinking or dung-filth) + HORN "dûg" (horrible, rotten, sour) < Sumerian "dug" (to be good, sweet) | dirty, filthy | Adjectives, Curses |
-| 189 | straight | 1) tîr | adv | LOS | right (into), straight (into); points to direction, used with nouns in Illative | Adjectives, Directions |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) ruzg* | adj | HORN "ruzag" (straight) | honest, straight, absolute | ::: |
-| 190 | **round** | rag | adj | LOS "round" (n) < SV "rag-" (to turn, see #126) | | Adjectives |
-| 191 | sharp | dulgûrz | adj | LOS < HORN | | Adjectives, Tools, Technology |
-| 192 | dull | drag* | adj | LOS "darg" < SV "darga" (club), changed to avoid ambiguity with verb "to send" | blunt, dull (about weapon); compare with "round" (#190) | Adjectives |
-| 193 | smooth | pâz* | adj | Quenya "pasta" < Etym. "PATH" | not harsh | Adjectives |
-| 194 | wet | mizg* | adj | Etym. MIZD, Quenya "mistë" (rain, #151) | | Adjectives, Weather |
-| 195 | **dry** | thizg* | adj | LOS "thag" < SV; changed to avoid ambiguity with HORN ("ten") and DS ("more"); compare with Gnomish "thisc" | compare with "to wipe" (#133) | Adjectives, Weather |
-| 196 | right (correct) | than* | adj | Sindarin "thand", Noldorin "thenid", Quenya "sanda" < Etym. "STAN" (firm, fix, decide, true, regular) | right, correct, proper, fair, regular | Adjectives |
-^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
-| 197 | near | mush | postp | LOS (nearly) < MB < SV "mûsh" (close, next to, near, at) | near, next (to); used with nouns in Allative; add //-arz// suffix to transform into adverb; add //-ûrz// suffix to transform into adjective | Distance |
-| 198 | far | //baub// | postp | HORN | far (from); used with nouns in Ablative; add //-arz// suffix to transform into adverb; add //-ûrz// suffix to transform into adjective | Distance |
-| 199 | right (side) | forg* | adj | Quenya "forya" (dexter) < Etym. "PHOR" (right hand) | add //-arz// suffix to transform into adverb; add suffix //-um// or //-urm//  to transform into noun | Adjectives, Directions |
-| 200 | left (side) | farkh | adj | LOS < SV | add //-arz// suffix to transform into adverb; add suffix //-um// or //-urm// to transform into noun | Adjectives, Directions |
-| 201 | at | 1) or | postp | LOS | at, in; Inessive case suffix, static presence, only about space in Nûrlâm | Postpositions, clitic |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) shi | prep | LOS | at (time); only about time in Standard Nûrlâm, may refer to place in colloquial speech | Prepositions |
-| 202 | in | ishi | postp | TK, RI < probably Quenya locative case ending ”-ssë” | into, inwards, inside, within; Illative case suffix, denotes motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place | Postpositions, clitic |
-| 203 | with | sha | postp | TK, OC | (together) with; Comitative case suffix; marks collaborative action | Postpositions, clitic |
-| 204 | and | agh | conj | TK, RI | | Auxiliary |
-| 205 | if | ghung | conj | LOS < SV | | Auxiliary |
-| 206 | because | taitaga* | pastp | NL "tait-" (to cause), merging Gnomish "caith" and Quenya "tyar-" < Etym. "KYAR" (do, make, cause); compare with LOS "tûr-" with same etymology | past passive participle "caused" used in adjectival phrase, which is an archaic way to express | Auxiliary |
-| 207 | **name** | 1) îz* | n | Quenya "essë" | | Persons |
-| ::: | ::: | 2) //yaz// | ::: | DS < Quenya "essë" | also verb | ::: |
----------------------------------------------
-===== Swadesh 100 words list =====
-Short list is given without detailed information. If there are synonyms, preferred variant is chosen for this table.
-^     № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Swadesh 200 № ^ ^     № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Swadesh 200 № ^
-|   **1** | I     | da     | 1       |     |  **51** | breast  | nirn   | 89 |
-|   **2** | you   | fi (sing.) | 2   | ::: |  **52** | heart   | tish   | 90 |
-|   **3** | we    | dak    | 4       | ::: |  **53** | liver   | slârg  | 91 |
-|   **4** | this  | za     | 7       | ::: |  **54** | drink (v) | akr | 92 |
-|   **5** | that  | zîg    | 8       | ::: |  **55** | eat     | throkh | 93 |
-|   **6** | who   | mai    | 11      | ::: |  **56** | bite    | nâkh   | 94 |
-|   **7** | what  | mash   | 12      | ::: |  **57** | see     | hon    | 101 |
-|   **8** | not   | nar    | 16      | ::: |  **58** | hear    | khlâr  | 102 |
-|   **9** | all   | ûk     | 17      | ::: |  **59** | know    | îst    | 103 |
-|  **10** | many  | mak    | 18      | ::: |  **60** | sleep (v) | lor  | 107 |
-|  **11** | one   | ash    | 22      | ::: |  **61** | die     | mat    | 109 |
-|  **12** | two   | krul   | 23      | ::: |  **62** | kill (v) | dog   | 110 |
-|  **13** | big   | dau    | 27      | ::: |  **63** | swim    | lunt   | 119 |
-|  **14** | long  | rodh   | 28      | ::: |  **64** | fly (v) | skoir  | 120 |
-|  **15** | small | mik    | 32      | ::: |  **65** | walk (v) | ukh   | 121 |
-|  **16** | woman | -niz   | 36      | ::: |  **66** | come    | skât   | 122 |
-|  **17** | man, male | nor | 37     | ::: |  **67** | lie, recline | kât | 123 |
-|  **18** | person | shra  | 38      | ::: |  **68** | sit (v) | duz    | 124 |
-|  **19** | fish  | skab   | 45      | ::: |  **69** | stand (v) | bin  | 125 |
-|  **20** | bird  | aig    | 46      | ::: |  **70** | give    | throg  | 128 |
-|  **21** | dog   | hunk   | 47      | ::: |  **71** | say     | gashn  | 140 |
-|  **22** | louse | abh    | 48      | ::: |  **72** | sun     | ûzh    | 147 |
-|  **23** | tree  | orn    | 51      | ::: |  **73** | moon    | shil   | 148 |
-|  **24** | seed  | blûz   | 55      | ::: |  **74** | star    | ilz    | 149 |
-|  **25** | leaf  | pâth   | 56      | ::: |  **75** | water   | nîn    | 150 |
-^     № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Swadesh 200 № | ::: ^   № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Swadesh 200 № ^
-|  **26** | root  | bugh   | 57      | ::: |  **76** | rain (n) | miz   | 151 |
-|  **27** | bark (of tree) | parb | 58 | ::: |  **77** | stone | gund   | 156 |
-|  **28** | skin  | daft   | 62      | ::: |  **78** | sand    | tus    | 157 |
-|  **29** | flesh, meat | hrau | 63  | ::: |  **79** | earth, soil | ghâmp | 159 |
-|  **30** | blood | ghor   | 64      | ::: |  **80** | cloud   | shust  | 160 |
-|  **31** | bone  | takh   | 65      | ::: |  **81** | smoke   | bhraf  | 166 |
-|  **32** | grease, fat | tôm | 66   | ::: |  **82** | fire    | ghâsh  | 167 |
-|  **33** | egg   | fird   | 67      | ::: |  **83** | ash(es) | hîsht  | 168 |
-|  **34** | horn  | ras    | 68      | ::: |  **84** | burn (v) | ghâsh | 169 |
-|  **35** | tail  | baut   | 69      | ::: |  **85** | path    | mûl    | 170 |
-|  **36** | feather | pozg | 70    | ::: |  **86** | mountain | rod   | 171 |
-|  **37** | hair  | zud    | 71      | ::: |  **87** | red     | karn   | 172 |
-|  **38** | head  | kaz    | 72      | ::: |  **88** | green   | ûzûl   | 173 |
-|  **39** | ear   | khlau  | 73      | ::: |  **89** | yellow  | snâl   | 174 |
-|  **40** | eye   | hont   | 74      | ::: |  **90** | white   | nink   | 175 |
-|  **41** | nose  | pund   | 75      | ::: |  **91** | black   | mor    | 176 |
-|  **42** | mouth | pug    | 76      | ::: |  **92** | night (n) | fugh | 177 |
-|  **43** | tooth | nogh   | 77      | ::: |  **93** | hot     | gashûrz | 180 |
-|  **44** | tongue | lâm   | 78      | ::: |  **94** | cold    | graz   | 181 |
-|  **45** | claw  | namp   | 79      | ::: |  **95** | full    | gûk    | 182 |
-|  **46** | foot  | thul   | 80      | ::: |  **96** | new     | fîn    | 183 |
-|  **47** | knee  | okh    | 82      | ::: |  **97** | good    | bhog   | 185 |
-|  **48** | hand  | bazg   | 83      | ::: |  **98** | round (adj) | rag | 190 |
-|  **49** | belly | thûn   | 85      | ::: |  **99** | dry (adj) | thizg | 195 |
-|  **50** | neck  | mâs    | 87      | ::: | **100** | name    | îz     | 207 |

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki