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suffix_inflectional [2020/08/28 20:32] – [Inflectional suffixes] morgothsuffix_inflectional [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Inflectional suffixes ====== ====== Inflectional suffixes ======
 Suffix is called **//inflectional//** if it changes grammatical properties of the word without modifying its syntactic/lexical category, word class or part of speech. But many grammatical categories in [[Nûrlâm]] are expressed by [[clitics]] instead. Participle and infinitive suffixes may be also treated as [[suffix_derivational|derivational]] suffixes depending on the point of view (if participles are considered as separate lexical categories or as forms of verbs, but in this wiki the second opinion is used).  Suffix is called **//inflectional//** if it changes grammatical properties of the word without modifying its syntactic/lexical category, word class or part of speech. But many grammatical categories in [[Nûrlâm]] are expressed by [[clitics]] instead. Participle and infinitive suffixes may be also treated as [[suffix_derivational|derivational]] suffixes depending on the point of view (if participles are considered as separate lexical categories or as forms of verbs, but in this wiki the second opinion is used). 
 Finally a table of common inflectional suffixes: Finally a table of common inflectional suffixes:
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 ^ Suffix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^ ^ Suffix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^
-| -â    | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb "-a";\\ compare with HORN suffix "-a" with meaning "one who does" and SV suffix "-a" often used to make verbs from nouns | 3rd [[grammar_person#archaic_nurlam|person]] singular verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | | +| -â    | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb "-a";\\ compare with HORN suffix "-a" with meaning "one who does" and SV suffix "-a" often used to make verbs from nouns | 3rd [[grammar_person#archaic_nurlam|person]] singular verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | pushd- (to stink) => bag pushd**â** (shit stinks) | 
-| -ag   | NL, in analogy with //-ug// — //-uga// | present passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | | +| -ag   | NL, in analogy with //-ug// — //-uga// | present passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | faik (to win) => faik**ag** (being defeated) | 
-| -aga  | HG < misprint of EL //-uga// (see below) in VT 13 | past passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | | +| -aga  | HG < misprint of EL //-uga// (see below) in VT 13 | past passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | dul- (to damage) => dul**aga** urukirzi (damaged by orcs) | 
-| -ar   | LOS | [[grammar_adjective#degree_of_comparison|comparative]] form of adjectives and adverbs | | +| -âk   | HG((without any example)) < MB | verb in passive voice | orsk- (to steal) => nazg orsk**âk**uzâ (ring was stolen) | 
-| -at   | TK, CBS, RI | [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] | | +| -ar   | LOS | [[grammar_adjective#degree_of_comparison|comparative]] form of adjectives and adverbs | bhog (good) => bhogar (better) | 
-| -az   | LOS | [[grammar_adjective#degree_of_comparison|superlative]] form of adjectives | | +| -at   | TK, CBS, RI | [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] | gimb (find) => gimb**at** (to find, for finding, to be found) | 
-| -b    | see //-ob// | [[case_genitive|genitive case]] for declension class II | | +| -az   | LOS | [[grammar_adjective#degree_of_comparison|superlative]] form of adjectives | bhog (good) => bhog**az** (the best) | 
-| -irz  | NL < LOS "irzi" (by) | [[case_ergative|ergative case]] for declension class I | | +| -b    | see //-ob// | [[case_genitive|genitive case]] for declension class II | ta (he) => ta**b** (his) | 
-| -irzi | LOS "irzi" (by) | [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] for declension class I | | +| -îm   | NL < Quenya "immo" (self) | normally a reflexive pronoun, but may be used with verbs as suffix of //reflexive// [[grammar_voice#other|voice]] | dogut (to kill) => dogut**îm** (to commit suicide, to be killed by accident and own carelessness) | 
-| -ish  | NL < LOS "izish" (me) | [[case_accusative|accusative case]] for declension class I | | +| -irzi | LOS "irzi" (by) | [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] for declension class I | bazg (hand) => bazg**irzi** (by hand) | 
-| -ob   | EL | [[case_genitive|genitive case]] for declension class I | | +| -ish  | NL < LOS "izish" (me) | [[case_accusative|accusative case]] for declension class I | lat (thou, you) => lat**ish** (thee, you) | 
-| -rz   | see //-irz// | [[case_ergative|ergative case]] for declension class II | | +| -ob   | EL | [[case_genitive|genitive case]] for declension class I | lûg (dragon) => lûg**ob** (dragon's, of dragon) | 
-| -rzi  | see //-irzi// | [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] for declension class II | | +| -rzi  | see //-irzi// | [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] for declension class II | snaga (slave) => snaga**rzi** (by slaves) | 
-| -sh   | see //-ish// | [[case_accusative|accusative case]] for declension class II | | +| -sh   | see //-ish// | [[case_accusative|accusative case]] for declension class II | ta (he) => ta**sh** (him) | 
-| -sha  | TK, DBS, OC | [[case_comitative|comitative case]] | | +| -sha  | TK, DBS, OC | [[case_comitative|comitative case]] | shauk (friend) => shauk**sha** (together with friends) | 
-| -si   | NL < Quenya "sívë", Sindarin "sui" (as, like) | [[case_essive|essive case]] | | +| -sha  | TK, DBS, OC | rarely used with verbs as //cooperative// [[grammar_voice#other|voice]] | bulut (to work) => bulut**sha** (to cooperate, work together) | 
-| -û    | rare SV "-û", LOS "-u" | plural [[grammar_number|number]] suffix for declension class I | |  +| -si   | NL < Quenya "sívë", Sindarin "sui" (as, like) | [[case_essive|essive case]] | shauk (friend) => shauktab**si** (as your friend) | 
-| -û    | NL < AN "-ut" + rare SV "-û" (plural suffix) | 3rd [[grammar_person#archaic_nurlam|person]] plural verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | | +| -û    | rare SV "-û", LOS "-u" | plural [[grammar_number|number]] suffix for declension class I | uruk (orc) => uruk**û** (orcs) |  
-| -ub   | AN | future [[grammar_tense|tense]] suffix | | +| -û    | NL < AN "-ut" + rare SV "-û" (plural suffix) | 3rd [[grammar_person#archaic_nurlam|person]] plural verb suffix (only when subject of verb is a noun) | gimb (to find) => uruk gimb**û** (orcs are discovering) | 
-| -ug   | EL, AA < TK DBS OC "pushdug" (stinking) | present active [[grammar_participle|participle]] | | +| -ub   | AN | future [[grammar_tense|tense]] suffix | krimp- (to tie) => takrimp**ub** (he will tie) | 
-| -uga  | EL, participle II | present passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | | +| -ug   | EL, AA < TK DBS OC "pushdug" (stinking) | present active [[grammar_participle|participle]] | mat- (to die) => mat**ug** (dying) | 
-| -ulg  | NL < LOS "shulg" (would) < SV "shulg" (wood)((it's unknown, if pun was intended or made by mistake)) | subjunctive mood or future-in-the-past tense | +| -uga  | EL, participle II | present passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] | akr- (to drink) => luntal akr**aga** (drunken sailor) | 
-| -ûr   | EL | [[case_dative|dative case]] for declension class I | |  +| -ulg  | NL < LOS "shulg" (would) < SV "shulg" (wood)((it's unknown, if pun was intended or made by mistake)) | subjunctive mood or future-in-the-past tense | pâsh (can) => pâsh**ulg** (could) | 
-| -ut   | NL | [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]] | | +| -ûr   | EL | [[case_dative|dative case]] for declension class I | golug (elf) => golug**ûr** (for elf) |  
-| -uz   | LOS | past [[grammar_tense|tense]] suffix | | +| -ut   | NL | [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]] | gimb- (to find) => gimb**ut** (to find) | 
-| -z    | EL | plural [[grammar_number|number]] suffix for declension class II | | +| -uz   | LOS | past [[grammar_tense|tense]] suffix | thrak- (to bring) => tathrak**uz** (he brought) | 
-| -zûr  | NL < EL "-ûr" | [[case_dative|dative case]] for declension class II | | +| -z    | EL | plural [[grammar_number|number]] suffix for declension class II | tau (forest) => tau**z** (forests) | 
 +| -zûr  | NL < EL "-ûr" | [[case_dative|dative case]] for declension class II | piraga (halfling) => piraga**zûr** (for halfling) | 
  
-This table contains only those case suffixes that belongs to grammatical and marginal case. For locative case endings see [[grammar_case#case_endings_table|full chart of case postpositions]].+This table contains only those case suffixes that belongs to grammatical and marginal case. For locative case endings see [[grammar_case#case_endings_table|full chart of case postpositions]]. Suffixes of [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] are also not listed, as they may be treated as clitic adverbs.
  
 ===== See also ===== ===== See also =====
   - [[declension_classes|Declension classes]];   - [[declension_classes|Declension classes]];
   - [[grammar_noun#suffix_chain|Suffix chain of nouns]];   - [[grammar_noun#suffix_chain|Suffix chain of nouns]];
-  - [[grammar_verb#suffix_chain|Suffix chain of verbs]]+  - [[grammar_verb#suffix_chain|Suffix chain of verbs]]; 
 +  - [[Clitics]]
  
suffix_inflectional.1598635967.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:50 (external edit)
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