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suffix_derivational [2022/02/07 00:02] – [Examples] morgothsuffix_derivational [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 <todo>FIX: some suffixes still have no clear meaning</todo> <todo>FIX: some suffixes still have no clear meaning</todo>
-\\ <todo>add more examples</todo> 
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
 ====== Derivational suffixes ====== ====== Derivational suffixes ======
-Suffix is called **//derivational//** if it changes word's class (e.g. noun from verb) or alter it's meaning preserving the class (like English adjectives //red//–//reddish//). [[Nûrlâm]] doesn't have many of such suffixes because word derivation is usually done by [[clitics]] (e.g. short adjectives, [[adpositions|postpositions]]), [[phonology|phonetical]] alteration (changing vowel length, shifting consonants, h<->kh<->k<->g<->gh) or making compound words. Another reason is frequent //[[zero-derivation]]// (also called //conversion//), when no suffix is used to convert word's class (e.g. //blûz// has meaning of noun "grain" and verb "to grind"). Some English words have no direct correspondence in Nûrlâm, and another part of speech or expression is applied for translation (for example adjective "fearful" should be translated as "full of fear" = "gûk ufurmob" or as participle "frightening" = "uglug" and adverb "fearfully" as "with fear" = "ufurmsha"). +Suffix is called **//derivational//** if it changes word's class (e.g. noun from verb) or alter it's meaning preserving the class (like English adjectives //red//--//reddish//). [[Nûrlâm]] doesn't have many of such suffixes because word derivation is usually done by [[clitics]] (e.g. short adjectives, [[adpositions|postpositions]]), [[phonology|phonetical]] alteration (changing vowel length, shifting consonants, h<->kh<->k<->g<->gh) or making compound words. Another reason is frequent //[[zero-derivation]]// (also called //conversion//), when no suffix is used to convert word's class (e.g. //blûz// has meaning of noun "grain" and verb "to grind"). Some English words have no direct correspondence in Nûrlâm, and another part of speech or expression is applied for translation (for example adjective "fearful" should be translated as "full of fear" = "gûk ufurob" or as participle "frightening" = "uglug" and adverb "fearfully" as "with fear" = "ufursha"). 
  
 Finally a table of common derivational suffixes: Finally a table of common derivational suffixes:
  
 ^ Suffix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^ ^ Suffix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^
-| -al   | SV | agentive noun suffix: profession, occupation;\\ usually noun formed from verb | farbal (hunter) < farb (to hunt) | +| -al   | SV | agentive noun suffix: profession, occupation;\\ usually noun formed from verb | farb**al** (hunter) < farb (to hunt) | 
-| -amb   | NL < Noldorin "thamb" (hall), Quenya "sambe" (room, chamber) < Etym. "STAB" | alternate noun; usually some room, building or space (like //-ry// in "armory", "cemetary", "mortuary") | | +| -amb   | NL < Noldorin "thamb" (hall), Quenya "sambe" (room, chamber) < Etym. "STAB" | alternate noun; usually some room, building or space (like //-ry// in "armory", "cemetary", "mortuary") | khad**amb** (crypt, mausoleum) < khad (tomb) | 
-| -arz  | LOS < SV similative case ending "-ârz" | adverb from adjective | hîsarz (quickly) < hîs (quick) | +| -arz  | LOS < SV similative case ending "-ârz" | adverb from adjective | hîs**arz** (quickly) < hîs (quick) | 
-| -arz- | ::: | pro-adverb of reason from pronoun | mûdarz (somehow) < mûd (some) |+| -arz- | ::: | pro-adverb of reason from pronoun | mûd**arz** (somehow) < mûd (some) |
 | -ath  | SV | ? | | | -ath  | SV | ? | |
-| -auk  | SV | alternate noun; usually some person or living being | | +| -auk  | SV | alternate noun; usually some person or living being; sometimes may carry a tone of passivity or disdain | gab**auk** (vagabond, tramper, hobo) < gab (to wander, travel) | 
-| -aut  | NL < MERP "dahaut" (defecation), "plakaut" (pillage) | alternate noun (verbal); usually a process or motion | | +| -aut  | NL < MERP "dahaut" (defecation), "plakaut" (pillage) | alternate noun (verbal); usually a process or motion; similar to English //gerund//, but complies with grammar of nouns in Nûrlâm | prauk**aut** (the pillaging) < prauk- (to pillage) | 
-| -âzh- | NL | normally a suffix of grammatical aspect, but may be treated as diminutive adverb modifying verbs and adjectives | bûrzâzh (darkish, slightly dark) < bûrz (dark) | +| -âzh- | NL | normally a suffix of grammatical aspect, but may be treated as diminutive adverb modifying verbs and adjectives | bûrz**âzh** (darkish, slightly dark) < bûrz (dark) | 
-| -hai  | TK, BS, AO | names of races, nations, groups of people as whole | uruk-hai (orcs) < uruk (orc) | +| -hai  | TK, BS, AO | names of races, nations, groups of people as whole | uruk**-hai** (orcs) < uruk (orc) | 
-| -hai- | ::: | makes animated demonstrative, relative, interrogative or indefinite pronouns | zahai (these people) < za (this) | +| -hai- | ::: | makes animated demonstrative, relative, interrogative or indefinite pronouns | za**hai** (these people) < za (this) | 
-| -niz  | NL < Quenya "nís" (noun "woman") | "feminizer"; marks biological gender of living creatures, professions | hunkniz (dog) < hunk (hound) | +| -niz  | NL < Quenya "nís" (noun "woman") | "feminizer"; marks biological gender of living creatures, professions | hunk**niz** (dog) < hunk (hound) | 
-| :::   | ::: | ::: | farbalniz (huntress) < farbal (hunter) | +| :::   | ::: | ::: | farbal**niz** (huntress) < farbal (hunter) | 
-| -og   | SV < TK PN "Azog" | ? | |+| -og   | SV < TK PN "Azog" | ?\\ probably another agentive noun suffix from Gnomish "og-" (to be able, can) or "-og" (agental or adjective suffix in Gnomish) | |
 | -ol   | TK, AO, PN "Gorgol the Butcher" | ?\\ probably an archaic form of //-al// | | | -ol   | TK, AO, PN "Gorgol the Butcher" | ?\\ probably an archaic form of //-al// | |
-| -ûgz  | NL < "-ug" + "-ûrz", "-ugz" initially intended for participles but rejected in favor of more uniform suffix system | alternative adjective (usually verbal or agentive) | | +| -ûgz  | NL < "-ug" + "-ûrz", "-ugz" initially intended for participles but rejected in favor of more uniform suffix system | alternative adjective (usually verbal or agentive) | mat**ûgz** (lethal) < mat- (to die) | 
-| -um   | TK, CBS, LOTR ("burzum") | particularizing suffix or article((see PE 17)), similar to definite article | burzum (the darkness) < burz (darkness) | +| -um   | TK, CBS, LOTR ("burzum") | particularizing suffix or article((see PE 17)), similar to definite article | burz**um** (the darkness) < burz (darkness) | 
-| ::: | ::: | ::: | ulbum (the blue)((color, paint)) < ulb (blue) | +| ::: | ::: | ::: | ulb**um** (the blue)((color, paint)) < ulb (blue) | 
-| -urm  | NL < MERP "zurm" (noise) | abstract noun, usually from adjective\\ similar to English suffixes "-ness", "-ity" | orzurm (poverty) < orz (poor) | +| -urm  | NL < MERP "zurm" (noise) | abstract noun, usually from adjective\\ similar to English suffixes "-ness", "-ity" | orz**urm** (poverty) < orz (poor) | 
-| -ûrz  | EL < TK "Lugbûrz" (Dark Tower);\\ obviously Elerrina's extrapolation is wrong, as //ûrz// is part of the stem "bûrz", but it became common for all Neo-Black Speech dialects | general suffix of forming adjectives from other parts of speech, usually from nouns (verbal adjectives should be replaced with [[grammar_participle|participles]] and [[grammar_gerundive|gerundives]]) | |+| -ûrz  | EL < TK "Lugbûrz" (Dark Tower);\\ obviously Elerrina's extrapolation is wrong, as //ûrz// is part of the stem "bûrz", but it became common for all Neo-Black Speech dialects | general suffix of forming adjectives from other parts of speech, usually from nouns (verbal adjectives should be replaced with [[grammar_participle|participles]] and [[grammar_gerundive|gerundives]]) | slig**ûrz** (free) < slig- (to free) |
  
 As participles are considered as separate forms of verbs, their suffixes are not shown here, but in the table of [[suffix_inflectional|inflectional suffixes]]. As participles are considered as separate forms of verbs, their suffixes are not shown here, but in the table of [[suffix_inflectional|inflectional suffixes]].
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 ^ English     ^ Nûrlâm  ^ ^ English     ^ Nûrlâm  ^
 | day         | ârsh | | day         | ârsh |
-| daily (adv) | |+| daily (adv) | ârsharz |
 | daily (adj) | ârshûrz | | daily (adj) | ârshûrz |
 | :::         | ârsh((clitic)) | | :::         | ârsh((clitic)) |
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 ^ -al    |  honal\\ (watcher, observer, spectator)  |  kinal\\ (seer)  |    | ^ -al    |  honal\\ (watcher, observer, spectator)  |  kinal\\ (seer)  |    |
 ^ -auk   |  honauk\\ (gazer, lookout, voyeur)  |  kinauk\\ (beholder, spectator, witness)  |  thakauk\\ (illusion, phantom, vision, apparition)  | ^ -auk   |  honauk\\ (gazer, lookout, voyeur)  |  kinauk\\ (beholder, spectator, witness)  |  thakauk\\ (illusion, phantom, vision, apparition)  |
-^ -aut   |  honaut\\ (observation)  |   |  thakaut\\ (manifestation)  |+^ -aut   |  honaut\\ (observation)  |   |  thakaut\\ (manifestation, appearance)  |
 ^ -urm   |  honurm\\ (scope, outlook)  |  kinurm\\ (vision, eyesight, sense of sight)  |  thakurm\\ (visibility)  | ^ -urm   |  honurm\\ (scope, outlook)  |  kinurm\\ (vision, eyesight, sense of sight)  |  thakurm\\ (visibility)  |
 ^ -ûrz   |  honûrz\\ (looking)  | |  thakûrz\\ (visible)  | ^ -ûrz   |  honûrz\\ (looking)  | |  thakûrz\\ (visible)  |
suffix_derivational.1644181337.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:50 (external edit)
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