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--- proform [2021/03/15 13:54] – morgoth
+++ proform [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
   * Demonstrative, relative and indefinite [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]],
   * Demonstrative determiners ([[grammar_adjective|adjectives]]),
-  * [[syntax_special_question|Question words]] (interrogative adverbs),
+  * [[mood_interrogative#Special_questions|Question words]] (interrogative adverbs),
   * [[grammar_numerals|Quantifier words]],
   * some [[Conjunctions]] and others (auxiliary verb "do", only in English);
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 but sharing some similarity in relation, the way of forming and a fact that they replace other lexical or syntactical categories.
-While some pro-forms looks similar, they usually treated as distinct parts of speech (e.g. question words consisting of pronouns, adverbs and conjugations). However some linguistic theories group them together and state that difference in their application is the subject of syntax rather than grammar or lexicology, similarly to nouns which can be used as subject, object, adverbial or even determiner. The term "pro-form" exists at least since 18th century, but haven't been widely accepted. In Esperanto these words are called "correlatives".
+While some pro-forms looks similar, they usually treated as distinct parts of speech (e.g. question words consisting of pronouns, adverbs and conjunctions). However some linguistic theories group them together and state that difference in their application is the subject of syntax rather than grammar or lexicology, similarly to nouns which can be used as subject, object, adverbial or even determiner. The term "pro-form" exists at least since 18th century, but haven't been widely accepted. In Esperanto these words are called "correlatives".
 Pro-forms intended (by Nûrlâm's author) to be very regularly formed as in Esperanto or Japanese. However, despite rejecting many existing forms from various Neo-Black Speech dialects, Nûrlâm kept similar formation patterns. Demonstrative, interrogative and relative pro-forms are made by adding prefixes and indefinite pro-forms by adding suffixes. There are some irregularities caused by [[phonology|phonetical]] merging of adjacent sounds.
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ^  Type  ^  Pronouns  ^^^  Quantifiers\\ (-mak-)  ^  Pro-adverbs  ^^^^
 ^ ::: ^  Universal  ^  Thing\\ (unanim.)\\ (-ash-)  ^  Person <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup>\\ (anim.)\\ (-hai-)  ^ ::: ^  Place\\ (-in-)  ^  Time\\ (-il-)  ^  Manner\\ (-arz)  ^  Reason\\ (-ûr)  ^
-^  Demonstrative,\\ proximal (near)\\ (za-)  |  za\\ (this)  |  zâsh\\ (such)  |  zahai\\ (these people)  |  zamak\\ (so many, so much)  |  zin\\ (this place)  |  zil\\ (this time)  |  zârz\\ (so, thus, hereby)  |  –  |
+^  Demonstrative,\\ proximal (near)\\ (za-)  |  za\\ (this)  |  zâsh\\ (such)  |  zahai\\ (these people)  |  zamak\\ (so many, so much)  |  zin\\ (this place)  |  zil\\ (this time)  |  zârz\\ (so, thus, hereby)  |  zazûr\\ (for this reason, herefore)  |
-| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |  tul <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup>\\ (here)  |  rad <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup>\\ (now)  | ::: | ::: |
+| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |  pot <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup>\\ (here)  |  rad <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup>\\ (now)  | ::: | ::: |
-^  Demonstrative,\\ medial (far)\\ (zîg-)  |  zîg\\ (that)  | ::: |  zîghai\\ (those people)  |  zîgmak\\ (that many, that much)  |  zîgin\\ (that place)  |  zîgil\\ (that time)  |  zîgarz\\ (thereby, by that)  |  zîgûr\\ (that's why)  |
+^  Demonstrative,\\ medial (far)\\ (zîg-)  |  zîg\\ (that)  | ::: |  zîghai\\ (those people)  |  zîgmak\\ (that many, that much)  |  zîgin\\ (that place)  |  zîgil\\ (that time)  |  zîgarz\\ (thereby, by that)  |  zîgûr\\ (for that reason, that's why, therefore)  |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |  tîg <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup>\\ (there)  |  rîg <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup>\\ (then)  | ::: | ::: |
-^  Interrogative\\ (m-, ma-)  |  –  |  mash\\ (what?, which?)  |  mai\\ (who?, which?)  |  mamak\\ (how many, how much?)  |  min\\ (where?)  |  mil\\ (when?)  |  marz\\ (how?)  |  mûr\\ (why?, what for?)  |
+^  Interrogative\\ (m-, ma-)  |  ---  |  mash\\ (what?, which?)  |  mai\\ (who?, which?)  |  mamak\\ (how many, how much?)  |  min\\ (where?)  |  mil\\ (when?)  |  marz\\ (how?)  |  mûr\\ (why?, what for?)  |
-^  Relative\\ (am-)  |  zamash\\ (that)  |  amash\\ (what, which)  |  amai\\ (who, which)  |  amak\\ (how many, how much)  |  amin\\ (where)  |  amil\\ (when)  |  amarz\\ (how)  |  amûr\\ (why)  |
+^  Relative\\ (am-)  |  zamash\\ (that)  |  amash\\ (what, which)  |  amai\\ (who, which)  |  amak\\ (how many, how much)  |  amin\\ (where)  |  amil\\ (when)  |  amarz\\ (how)  |  amûr\\ (why, wherefore)  |
-The word //mai// (= who) may be inflected in [[grammar_case|cases]], particularly genitive case (//maib//) is used as analog of English "whose" and others are translated as "whom" with corresponding preposition. //Min// (= where) is used with locative cases producing forms similar to Old English "whence" and "whither" ("Taskâtuz amin__ah__ dau kâtû" = "He had come from the place where shadows lie"; "Ta ukh amin__u__ hont honû" = "He goes whither (his) eyes look"). Words //zil// and //rad// (both meaning "now") are often used with instrumental case together with [[adpositions#prepositions|prepositions]] //ik// and //zi// (by) to make expression "by now".
+The word //mai// (= who) may be inflected in [[grammar_case|cases]], particularly genitive case (//maib//) is used as analog of English "whose" and others are translated as "whom" with corresponding preposition. //Min// (= where) is used with [[case_locative|locative cases]] producing forms similar to Old English "whence" and "whither" ("Taskâtuz amin__ah__ dau kâtû" = "He had come from the place where shadows lie"; "Ta ukh amin__u__ hont honû" = "He goes whither (his) eyes look"). Words //zil// and //rad// (both meaning "now") are often used with instrumental case together with [[adpositions#prepositions|prepositions]] //ik// and //zi// (by) to make expression "by now".
+Please note that words "zîgin" and "tîg" cannot be used the same way as "there" in English phrases like "There is ...". In Nûrlâm they can be only [[syntax_adverbials|adverbials]] but not a dummy subject as "there". See [[syntax_existential|Existential clause]] article for further information.
+Nûrlâm also lacks dual pronouns like "both", "either" and "neither". As they may serve also as [[conjunctions]], their equivalents are listed at corresponding page.
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 ^  Type  ^  Quantifiers  ^  Pronouns  ^^  Pro-adverbs  ^^^^
 ^ ::: ^  :::  ^  Thing\\ (unanim.)\\ (-ash-)  ^  Person <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup>\\ (anim.)\\ (-hai-)  ^  Place\\ (-in-)  ^  Time\\ (-il-)  ^  Manner\\ (-arz-) <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup>  ^  Reason\\ (-ûr-) <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup>  ^
-^  Universal\\ (all)\\  (-ûk)  |  ûk\\ (all)  |  ûk\\ (all)  ||  –  |  ilûk\\ (always)  |  –  |  –  |
+^  Universal\\ (all)\\  (-ûk)  |  ûk\\ (all)  |  ûk\\ (all)  ||  ---  |  ilûk\\ (always)  |  ---  |  ---  |
 ^  Universal\\ (each, every)\\ (-ûgh)  |  ûgh\\ (each, every)  |  ashûgh\\ (everything)  |  hai-ûgh\\ (everyone, everybody)  |  inûgh\\ (everywhere)  |  ilûgh\\ (every time, everywhen)  |  arzûgh\\ (every way)  |  ûrûgh\\ (for every reason)  |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |  ûgharz\\ (everyway)  |  ûghûr\\ (for every reason)  |
 ^  Assertive\\ existential\\ (some, few)\\ (-mûd)  |  mûd\\ (some, few)  |  ashmûd\\ (something)  |  haimûd\\ (some people, somebody, someone)  |  inmûd\\ (somewhere)  |  ilmûd\\ (sometimes)  |  arzmûd\\ (somehow)  |  ûrmûd\\ (somewhy, for some reason)  |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |  mûdarz\\ (somehow)  |  mûdûr\\ (for some reason)  |
-^  Elective\\ existential\\ (any, either)\\ (-kon)  |  kon\\ (any, either)  |  ashkon\\ (anything, either)  |  haikon\\ (any people, anybody, anyone)  |  inkon\\ (anywhere)  |  ilkon\\ (anytime)  |  arzkon\\ (anyhow)  |  ûrkon\\ (for any reason)  |
+^  Elective\\ existential\\ (any, either)\\ (-kon)  |  kon\\ (any, either)  |  ashkon\\ (anything, either)  |  haikon\\ (any people, anybody, anyone)  |  inkon\\ (anywhere)  |  ilkon\\ (anytime)  |  arzkon\\ (anyhow, anyway)  |  ûrkon\\ (for any reason)  |
-| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |  konarz\\ (anyhow)  |  konûr\\ (for any reason)  |
+| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |  konarz\\ (anyhow, anyway)  |  konûr\\ (for any reason)  |
 ^  Dubitative\\ existential\\ (-ever)\\ m(a)-…-kon  |  makon (any?, whether)  |  mashkon\\ (whatever, whichever, whether)  |  maikon\\ (whoever, whichever)  |  minkon (wherever)  |  milkon (whenever, ever)  |  marzkon (however)  |  mûrkon\\ (why ever)  |
 ^  Alternative\\ (another, other, else)\\ (-isk)  |  isk\\ (other, another)  |  ashisk\\ (something else, anything else)  |  haisk\\ (someone else, somebody else, anybody else, anyone else)  |  inisk\\ (elsewhere)  |  ilisk\\ (another time, else when)  |  arzisk\\ (otherwise, else)  |  ûrisk\\ (why else)  |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |  iskarz\\ (otherwise, else)  |  iskûr\\ (why else)  |
-^  Negative \\ (nar-)  |  :::  |  narash\\ (nothing, not a single one)  |  narai\\ (nobody, no one)  |  narin\\ (nowhere)  |  naril\\ (never, nowhen)  |  nararz\\ (no way, not how)  |  narûr\\ (for nothing, for no reason)  |
+^  Negative \\ (nar-)  |  nar\\ (no, none)  |  narash\\ (nothing, not a single one)  |  narai\\ (nobody, no one)  |  narin\\ (nowhere)  |  naril\\ (never, nowhen)  |  nararz\\ (no way, not how)  |  narûr\\ (for nothing, for no reason)  |
 Indefinite quantifiers may be used as standalone pronouns, adverbs or adjectives.

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
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