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proform [2021/01/02 20:56] – [Demonstrative, interrogative and relative pro-forms] morgoth | proform [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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* Demonstrative, | * Demonstrative, | ||
* Demonstrative determiners ([[grammar_adjective|adjectives]]), | * Demonstrative determiners ([[grammar_adjective|adjectives]]), | ||
- | * [[syntax_special_question|Question words]] (interrogative adverbs), | + | * [[mood_interrogative# |
* [[grammar_numerals|Quantifier words]], | * [[grammar_numerals|Quantifier words]], | ||
- | * some Conjunctions and others (auxiliary verb " | + | * some [[Conjunctions]] and others (auxiliary verb " |
but sharing some similarity in relation, the way of forming and a fact that they replace other lexical or syntactical categories. | but sharing some similarity in relation, the way of forming and a fact that they replace other lexical or syntactical categories. | ||
- | While some pro-forms looks similar, they usually treated as distinct parts of speech (e.g. question words consisting of pronouns, adverbs and conjugations). However some linguistic theories group them together and state that difference in their application is the subject of syntax rather than grammar or lexicology, similarly to nouns which can be used as subject, object, adverbial or even determiner. The term " | + | While some pro-forms looks similar, they usually treated as distinct parts of speech (e.g. question words consisting of pronouns, adverbs and conjunctions). However some linguistic theories group them together and state that difference in their application is the subject of syntax rather than grammar or lexicology, similarly to nouns which can be used as subject, object, adverbial or even determiner. The term " |
Pro-forms intended (by Nûrlâm' | Pro-forms intended (by Nûrlâm' | ||
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^ Type ^ Pronouns | ^ Type ^ Pronouns | ||
^ ::: ^ Universal | ^ ::: ^ Universal | ||
- | ^ Demonstrative, | + | ^ Demonstrative, |
- | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | |
- | ^ Demonstrative, | + | ^ Demonstrative, |
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | tîg < | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | tîg < | ||
- | ^ Interrogative\\ (m-, ma-) | | + | ^ Interrogative\\ (m-, ma-) | |
- | ^ Relative\\ (am-) | zamash\\ (that) | + | ^ Relative\\ (am-) | zamash\\ (that) |
- | The word //mai// (= who) may be inflected in [[grammar_case|cases]], | + | The word //mai// (= who) may be inflected in [[grammar_case|cases]], |
+ | |||
+ | Please note that words " | ||
+ | |||
+ | Nûrlâm also lacks dual pronouns like " | ||
------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | ||
===== Indefinite pro-forms and Quantifiers ===== | ===== Indefinite pro-forms and Quantifiers ===== | ||
- | While indefinite pro-forms are formed somehow similarly to English ones, by combining two more simple words, their order is different. Also be careful when translating words like "no one", " | + | While indefinite pro-forms are formed somehow similarly to English ones, by combining two more simple words, their order is different. Also be careful when translating words like "no one", " |
^ Type ^ Quantifiers | ^ Type ^ Quantifiers | ||
^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Thing\\ (unanim.)\\ (-ash-) | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Thing\\ (unanim.)\\ (-ash-) | ||
- | ^ Universal\\ (all)\\ | + | ^ Universal\\ (all)\\ |
^ Universal\\ (each, every)\\ (-ûgh) | ^ Universal\\ (each, every)\\ (-ûgh) | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ûgharz\\ (everyway) | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ûgharz\\ (everyway) | ||
^ Assertive\\ existential\\ (some, few)\\ (-mûd) | ^ Assertive\\ existential\\ (some, few)\\ (-mûd) | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | mûdarz\\ (somehow) | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | mûdarz\\ (somehow) | ||
- | ^ Elective\\ existential\\ (any, either)\\ (-kon) | + | ^ Elective\\ existential\\ (any, either)\\ (-kon) |
- | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | konarz\\ (anyhow) | + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | konarz\\ (anyhow, anyway) | konûr\\ (for any reason) |
^ Dubitative\\ existential\\ (-ever)\\ m(a)-…-kon | ^ Dubitative\\ existential\\ (-ever)\\ m(a)-…-kon | ||
^ Alternative\\ (another, other, else)\\ (-isk) | ^ Alternative\\ (another, other, else)\\ (-isk) | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | iskarz\\ (otherwise, else) | iskûr\\ (why else) | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | iskarz\\ (otherwise, else) | iskûr\\ (why else) | | ||
- | ^ Negative | + | ^ Negative \\ (nar-) | nar\\ (no, none) | narash\\ (nothing, not a single one) | narai\\ (nobody, no one) | narin\\ (nowhere) |
- | ^ Negative (standard and colloquial)\\ (nar-) | + | |
Indefinite quantifiers may be used as standalone pronouns, adverbs or adjectives. | Indefinite quantifiers may be used as standalone pronouns, adverbs or adjectives. |