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--- phonology [2023/07/11 20:08] – removed fh- morgoth
+++ phonology [2023/12/12 17:47] (current) – [Stress] morgoth
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ^       ^  Front  ^  Central  ^  Back  ^
 ^ Close |  i, iː   |           |  u, uː  |
+^ Near-close((only in diphthongs, see below)) |  ɪ  |  |  ʊ  |
 ^ Mid   |          |           |  o, oː  |
 ^ Open  |          |   a, aː   |         |
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 === Diphtongs ===
-Diphtongs //ai [aj]// ("skai"), //au [aw]// ("Mauhúr") and //oi [oj]// ("Dushgoi") are attested in Tolkien's sources.
+Diphtongs //ai [aɪ]// ("skai"), //au [aʊ̯]// ("Mauhúr") and //oi [oɪ]// ("Dushgoi") are attested in Tolkien's sources. Last sounds are analyzed as ending with near close vowels instead of approximants (semi-vowels) [j] and [w] due to grammatical features (diphthongs are treated the same as vowels in [[Declension classes]]).
 ==== Consonants ====
-^                                  ||^ Labial ^ Dental  ^ Palatal  ^ Velar / Uvular ^ Glottal ^
+^                                  ||^ Labial ^ Dental  ^ Retroflex / Palatal  ^ Velar / Uvular ^ Glottal ^
 ^ Nasal                              |||   m    |    n          |                        |   [ŋ] (ng, nk, nd, nt)((only at the end of root))     | |
 ^ Plosive (stops)         ^^ voiceless |   p    |    t          |                        |   k            |  [ʔ] ((glottal stop))  |
 ^ :::       ^ :::          ^ voiced    |   b    |    d          |                        |   g            | |
-^ Fricative ^ sibilant     ^ voiceless |        |    s          |   [ʃ] (sh)             |                | |
+^ Fricative ^ sibilant     ^ voiceless |        |    s          |   [ʂ] (sh)((may be realized as postalveolar [ʃ]))  |                | |
-^ :::       ^ :::          ^ voiced    |        |    z          |   [ʒ] (zh)             |                | |
+^ :::       ^ :::          ^ voiced    |        |    z          |   [ʐ] (zh)((may be realized as postalveolar [ʒ]))  |                | |
 ^ :::       ^ non-sibilant ^ voiceless |   f    |    [θ] (th)   |                        |   [x] (kh)     |  h  |
 ^ :::       ^ :::          ^ voiced    |  [β] (bh)  |    [ð] (dh)   |                    |   [ɣ] (gh)     | |
-^ Approximant (glides)     ^^ labial   | :::    |    l (("English dark L", velarized dental/alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]))  |    |   [w] ((only in diphthong //au// and Quenya-loaned words containing //qu//))   | |
+^ Approximant (glides)     ^^ labial   | :::    |    l (("English dark L", velarized dental/alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]))  |    | | |
-^ :::       ^ :::         ^ plain     |        |               |  [j] ((letter //y// before vowels and //i// at the end of diphthongs))                      | | |
+^ :::       ^ :::         ^ plain     |        |               |  [j] ((only in words starting with letter //y// before vowels))  | | |
-^ Rhotic                             |||        |                |                        |  r (("French guttural R", usually voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] or approximant))    | |
+^ Rhotic                             |||        |                |                        |  r (("French guttural R", usually voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] or approximant))  | |
   * consonants are never palatalized ("softened") before i;
   * //ng// is pronounced as two separate sounds (as they usually belong to different syllables, or //g// is followed by //h// which produces different sound) except at the end of word's root (i.e. "ro__ng__" = to dig);
-  * //p// can be aspirated [pʰ] as in English;
   * //bh// can be pronounced as aspirated or "breathy-voiced" //b// ([bʰ] or [bʱ] respectively), or as labial approximant/fricative [β]((according to Édouard Kloczko, "Dictionnaire des langues des Hobbits, des Nains, des Orques et autres créatures de la Terre du Milieu, de Númenor et d'Aman" (Encyclopédie de la Terre du Milieu, volume 4), Arda, 2002.)) (something between [b], [v] and [w]), but only at start or end of the word (like in "__bh__og" = "good"). More often //bh// is pronounced as two distinct sounds, specially in words like "bûbhosh" where //b// and //h// belong to different syllables;
   * glottal stop [ʔ] appears in colloquial speech separating affixes and some compound words. It can also be produced by //h// after //b// (see comment above);
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 ==== Stress ====
-Most words consist of just one syllable. Otherwise the stress is always placed on the first syllable of the root in Black Speech. This rule also affects compound words (//N**a**zgûl//). In Nûrlam main stress is shifted when adding [[clitics]] to the end of the word. First syllable remains under secondary stress. In example //burzum// (the darkness) + //ishi// (in) = //burzum**__i__**shi// (in the darkness). Joining a clitic to the beginning of the word (//dag**__i__**mb// = I find), adding prefix (like //nar**__i__**sh// = ally), derivational (for example //b**__u__**rzum// = darkness) or inflectional suffix (i.e. //gl**__o__**bûrz// = filthy) doesn't change the stress position. These rules allow to resolve possible ambiguity of some clitic with grammar function and compound word.
+Most words consist of just one syllable. Otherwise the stress is always placed on the first syllable of the root in Black Speech. This rule also affects compound words (//N**a**zgûl//). In Nûrlam main stress is shifted when adding [[clitics]] to the end of the word. First syllable remains under secondary stress. In example //burzum// (the darkness) + //ishi// (in) = //burzum**__i__**shi// (in the darkness). Joining a clitic to the beginning of the word (//dag**__i__**mb// = I find), adding prefix (like //nar**__i__**sh// = ally), derivational (for example //b**__u__**rzum// = darkness) or inflectional suffix (i.e. //d**__u__**rbû// = [they] rule) doesn't change the stress position. These rules allow to resolve possible ambiguity of some clitic with grammar function and compound word.
 ==== Intonation ====

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki