Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
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morphology [2020/08/04 11:22] – [Morphological typology of Nûrlâm] morgothmorphology [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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     * **Derivational** (word formation) morphemes which change semantic meaning or part of speech. In example suffix //-al// denotes profession or occupation (as //-er// in English), thus adding it to stem "farb" (the hunt/to hunt) makes new word "farbal" (hunter).     * **Derivational** (word formation) morphemes which change semantic meaning or part of speech. In example suffix //-al// denotes profession or occupation (as //-er// in English), thus adding it to stem "farb" (the hunt/to hunt) makes new word "farbal" (hunter).
     * **Inflectional** morphemes affect grammar. E.g. suffix //-at// makes gerundive from bare verb stem.     * **Inflectional** morphemes affect grammar. E.g. suffix //-at// makes gerundive from bare verb stem.
 +    * **Auxiliary** affixes are kinda unique to [[Nûrlâm]], they may be treated as part of other suffixes variants, but because of their few numbers and uniformity can be separated. These include //-z-// (e.g. inserted between root of nouns ending with vowel and case suffixes starting with vowel) and //-t-// (inserted after verb's markers of 3rd person before other suffixes).
  
 Some suffixes (like forming infinitive and participles) can be treated either as derivational of inflectional depending on whether interpret these forms as separate lexical categories or as forms of verb. This wiki place them at inflectional suffix list. Some suffixes (like forming infinitive and participles) can be treated either as derivational of inflectional depending on whether interpret these forms as separate lexical categories or as forms of verb. This wiki place them at inflectional suffix list.
  
-Most prefixes of Standard and Modern Nûrlâm were suffixes in Archaic language.+Most prefixes of Standard and Modern Nûrlâm were suffixes in [[archaic_style|Archaic language]].
  
 When several suffixes required to join the root, they form a //chain// with fixed suffix order. Rules of this order for each part of speech are described at corresponding chapters of [[Grammar]] section. The longest suffix chains belong to [[include:suffix_chain_noun|nouns]] and [[include:suffix_chain_verb|verbs]]. When several suffixes required to join the root, they form a //chain// with fixed suffix order. Rules of this order for each part of speech are described at corresponding chapters of [[Grammar]] section. The longest suffix chains belong to [[include:suffix_chain_noun|nouns]] and [[include:suffix_chain_verb|verbs]].
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 Black Speech excessively uses compound words for derivation. Basing on Tolkien's examples rules are the following: Black Speech excessively uses compound words for derivation. Basing on Tolkien's examples rules are the following:
   * When joining adjective with noun, adjective should go after a noun, like in //Lugbûrz// (where //lug// = tower and //bûrz// = dark).   * When joining adjective with noun, adjective should go after a noun, like in //Lugbûrz// (where //lug// = tower and //bûrz// = dark).
-  * When joining two nouns, modifier should precedes main word. Examples are //Nazgûl// (from //nazg// = ring and //gûl// = wraith), //Dushgoi// (from //dush// = sorcery and //goi// = city, citadel), //bûbhosh// (//bûb// = pig, //hosh// = guts).+  * When joining two nouns, modifier should precedes main word. Examples are //Nazgûl// (from //nazg// = ring and //gûl// = wraith), //Dushgoi// (from //dush// = sorcery and //goi// = city, citadel), //bûb-hosh// (//bûb// = pig, //hosh// = guts). 
 +Pattern "noun + noun" is preferrable when making new words, for example, if you want for some reason to translate the word "dinosaur" into Nûrlâm from Greek ("terrible/fearsome reptile"), it's better use two nouns "Dread-dragon" ("Gozdlûg", "Ufurlûg") or "Might-dragon" ("Balûg"), than noun with adjective to distinguish it from just "scary/terrible/mighty dragon" ("Lûguf", "Lûggoth", "Lûgbhau", "Lûgbolg").
  
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 ===== Morphological typology of Nûrlâm ====== ===== Morphological typology of Nûrlâm ======
-Black Speech is considered an //agglutinative// synthetic language, as well as elvish Quenya. In pure agglutinative language each inflectional morpheme should carry information on one grammatical category only, and each grammatical category should be expressed with same affix for different parts of speech (lexical category). //Classical Black Speech// can be analyzed also as //polysynthetic// language where one long word may be translated into a whole sentence of typical fusional language or several words belonging to distinct lexical categories  (e.g. word "durbatulûk" = "to rule them all"). [[Nûrlâm]] has also some traces of //fusional// language for example in [[grammar_participle|participle]] suffixes, standalone personal pronouns' inflection and phonetical merging of adjacent [[phonology|sounds]] which makes it harder to divide suffixes in chain one from another or from word's root. Colloquial //Debased Black Speech// spoken by orcs in "The Lord of the Rings" belongs more to [[syntax_analytic|analytical]] language where [[grammar]] is expressed through [[Syntax|word order]]. The shift from agglutination to analyticness occured through influence of other tongues (Sindarin, various mannish languages) and separation of clitics used for grammatical purposes from root words in colloquial speech.+Black Speech is considered an //agglutinative// synthetic language, as well as elvish Quenya. In pure agglutinative language each inflectional morpheme should carry information on one grammatical category only, and each grammatical category should be expressed with same affix for different parts of speech (lexical category). //Classical Black Speech// can be analyzed also as //polysynthetic// language where one long word may be translated into a whole sentence of typical fusional language or several words belonging to distinct lexical categories  (e.g. word "durbatulûk" = "to rule them all" and many compound words like "Nazgûl", "Lugbúrz", "Dushgoi", etc.) [[Nûrlâm]] has also some traces of //fusional// language for example in [[grammar_participle|participle]] suffixes, standalone personal pronouns' inflection and phonetical merging of adjacent [[phonology|sounds]] which makes it harder to divide suffixes in chain one from another or from word's root. Colloquial //Debased Black Speech// spoken by orcs in "The Lord of the Rings" belongs more to [[syntax_analytic|analytical]] language where [[grammar]] is expressed through [[Syntax|word order]]. The shift from agglutination to analyticness occured through influence of other tongues (Sindarin, various mannish languages) and separation of clitics used for grammatical purposes from root words in colloquial speech.
  
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morphology.1596529359.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:49 (external edit)
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