This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
morphology [2020/02/24 22:24] – [Lists of common affixes] morgoth | morphology [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
* **Free** (unbound) morphemes can function as independent words, they include //roots// which may form compound words. | * **Free** (unbound) morphemes can function as independent words, they include //roots// which may form compound words. | ||
* **Bound** morphemes exist only as parts of the words usually attached to roots. //Affixes// (a term combining prefixes and suffixes) belong to this category. They are further divided into: | * **Bound** morphemes exist only as parts of the words usually attached to roots. //Affixes// (a term combining prefixes and suffixes) belong to this category. They are further divided into: | ||
- | * **Derivational** (word formation) morphemes which change semantic meaning or part of speech. In example suffix //-al// denotes profession or occupation (as //-er// in English), thus adding it to stem " | + | * **Derivational** (word formation) morphemes which change semantic meaning or part of speech. In example suffix //-al// denotes profession or occupation (as //-er// in English), thus adding it to stem " |
- | * **Inflectional** morphemes affect grammar. E.g. suffix //-at// makes infinitive | + | * **Inflectional** morphemes affect grammar. E.g. suffix //-at// makes gerundive |
+ | * **Auxiliary** affixes are kinda unique to [[Nûrlâm]], | ||
Some suffixes (like forming infinitive and participles) can be treated either as derivational of inflectional depending on whether interpret these forms as separate lexical categories or as forms of verb. This wiki place them at inflectional suffix list. | Some suffixes (like forming infinitive and participles) can be treated either as derivational of inflectional depending on whether interpret these forms as separate lexical categories or as forms of verb. This wiki place them at inflectional suffix list. | ||
- | [[Clitics]] mostly belong to free morphemes, but may be functioning also as inflectional | + | Most prefixes of Standard and Modern Nûrlâm were suffixes in [[archaic_style|Archaic language]]. |
+ | |||
+ | When several suffixes required to join the root, they form a //chain// with fixed suffix order. Rules of this order for each part of speech are described at corresponding chapters of [[Grammar]] section. The longest suffix chains belong to [[include: | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Clitics]] mostly belong to free morphemes, but may be functioning also as affixes, either | ||
- | When several suffixes required to join the root, they form a //chain// with fixed suffix order. Rules of this order for each part of speech are described at corresponding chapters of [[Grammar]] section. | ||
------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ | ||
===== Lists of common affixes ===== | ===== Lists of common affixes ===== | ||
Line 16: | Line 20: | ||
* [[suffix_inflectional|Inflectional suffixes]] | * [[suffix_inflectional|Inflectional suffixes]] | ||
* [[Prefixes]] | * [[Prefixes]] | ||
- | |||
- | Most prefixes of Standard and Modern Nûrlâm were suffixes in Archaic language. | ||
----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ||
Line 23: | Line 25: | ||
Black Speech excessively uses compound words for derivation. Basing on Tolkien' | Black Speech excessively uses compound words for derivation. Basing on Tolkien' | ||
* When joining adjective with noun, adjective should go after a noun, like in // | * When joining adjective with noun, adjective should go after a noun, like in // | ||
- | * When joining two nouns, modifier should precedes main word. Examples are //Nazgûl// (from //nazg// = ring and //gûl// = wraith), //Dushgoi// (from //dush// = sorcery and //goi// = city, citadel), //bûbhosh// (//bûb// = pig, //hosh// = guts). | + | * When joining two nouns, modifier should precedes main word. Examples are //Nazgûl// (from //nazg// = ring and //gûl// = wraith), //Dushgoi// (from //dush// = sorcery and //goi// = city, citadel), //bûb-hosh// (//bûb// = pig, //hosh// = guts). |
+ | Pattern "noun + noun" is preferrable when making new words, for example, if you want for some reason to translate the word " | ||
--------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | ||
===== Morphological typology of Nûrlâm ====== | ===== Morphological typology of Nûrlâm ====== | ||
- | Black Speech is considered an // | + | Black Speech is considered an // |
------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ |