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modal_verbs [2021/06/02 12:50] – morgothmodal_verbs [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-<WRAP center round todo 60%>**WARNING: This article is not finished** 
- 
-<todo>reconsider aspect & voice combinations modifying the meaning of some verbs</todo> 
-\\ <todo>add examples</todo> 
-</WRAP> 
- 
 ====== Modal verbs ====== ====== Modal verbs ======
 The [[grammar_verb|verb]] is called //modal// if it serves to indicate //[[grammar_mood|modality]]//, such as likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order and obligation, advice, etc. Modal verbs always come in pair with other verbs in [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]] or [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] form. In this pair modal verb is auxiliary and the other one is main. Modal verbs have following characteristics: The [[grammar_verb|verb]] is called //modal// if it serves to indicate //[[grammar_mood|modality]]//, such as likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order and obligation, advice, etc. Modal verbs always come in pair with other verbs in [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]] or [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] form. In this pair modal verb is auxiliary and the other one is main. Modal verbs have following characteristics:
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 | //bolk// | RE | need, have to | active = "need", perfect passive = "have to" | | //bolk// | RE | need, have to | active = "need", perfect passive = "have to" |
 | **fad** | NL < Quenya "vanda" (oath, pledge, solemn promise) | promise, pledge | | | **fad** | NL < Quenya "vanda" (oath, pledge, solemn promise) | promise, pledge | |
 +| **furg** | NL < Quenya "þorya" + LOS "uf-" (frighten) < PN "Ufthak", LOS "ufur-" (fear) | fear | in NL "frighten" is "ugl" |
 | gashn | LOS < HG < Valarin "akašân" (he says), compare with Quenya "axan" (law, rule, commandment) | say, tell, order, command | in many dialects words for "say" and "command" are the same even when word itself is different from other dialects, but for more specific meaning see "kazh" | | gashn | LOS < HG < Valarin "akašân" (he says), compare with Quenya "axan" (law, rule, commandment) | say, tell, order, command | in many dialects words for "say" and "command" are the same even when word itself is different from other dialects, but for more specific meaning see "kazh" |
 | **gazd** | NL, combination of HG "gadhl" (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin "gwaedh", "gwest" (oath, bond, troth) | swear, vow, pledge, give/make oath, guarantee | more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage | | **gazd** | NL, combination of HG "gadhl" (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin "gwaedh", "gwest" (oath, bond, troth) | swear, vow, pledge, give/make oath, guarantee | more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage |
-| has | LOS, probably from Quenya "cesta" (to seek, search for, ask) or Qenya "iqista" ("request", "please", n) < "IQI" | plead, please, beg, ask for | |+| has | LOS, probably from Quenya "cesta" (to seek, search for, ask) or Qenya "iqista" ("request", "please", n) < "IQI" | plead, please, beg, ask for, request | |
 | **hiz** | NL < DS "hizi-", "izhi-" | want, will | | | **hiz** | NL < DS "hizi-", "izhi-" | want, will | |
 | **irm** | NL < Gnomish "erth" (wish, n.), "irm" (wish, intention, n.), "irn" (desired, wished for, adj.), Quenya "írë" < Etym. "ID" (n) "desire, wish" | wish, want | | | **irm** | NL < Gnomish "erth" (wish, n.), "irm" (wish, intention, n.), "irn" (desired, wished for, adj.), Quenya "írë" < Etym. "ID" (n) "desire, wish" | wish, want | |
 | //kazh// | ZB < Valarin "akašân" = "he (Eru) says" | order, command | see also "gashn" | | //kazh// | ZB < Valarin "akašân" = "he (Eru) says" | order, command | see also "gashn" |
 | **khard** | NL < Sindarin "hartha-" | hope | | | **khard** | NL < Sindarin "hartha-" | hope | |
-| //khul// | HG (to question, ask) | demand, request, ask for | | +| //khûl// | HG (to question, ask) | demand, request, ask for | | 
-| lûp | LOS < SV | pray, ask for, beg, request | "has-" is more preferrable | +| **thrâh** | NL < TK "thrak" (bring, hale, drag by force) | suggest, propose, recommend, offer, advice | add enforcing particle "thu-" to modify meaning to "insist" |
-| **thrâh** | NL < TK "thrak" (bring, hale, drag by force) | suggest, propose, recommend, offer, advice | add enforcing particle "ti-" to modify meaning to "insist" |+
 | **ton** | NL < LOS "tonprakh" < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL "prakh" (to lure) | suppose, assume, guess | | | **ton** | NL < LOS "tonprakh" < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL "prakh" (to lure) | suppose, assume, guess | |
-| ufur | LOS (frighten) < PN "Ufthak", LOS "ufur-" (fear) | fear | in NL "frighten" is "ugl" | 
 ^  modal-like  ^^^^ ^  modal-like  ^^^^
 | //bozd// | EH "bozd" (face, n) < GL "gwint", compare with LOS "ozt-" < HORN "ozut-" (appear, seem) |​ seem | modal meaning in expressions like "it seems" | | //bozd// | EH "bozd" (face, n) < GL "gwint", compare with LOS "ozt-" < HORN "ozut-" (appear, seem) |​ seem | modal meaning in expressions like "it seems" |
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 | **darb** | NL < Etym. "DAR" | expect, wait | | | **darb** | NL < Etym. "DAR" | expect, wait | |
 | hûr | LOS < TK PN "Mauhûr", Noldorin "hûr" (vigour, fiery spirit) < Etym. "KHOR" | dare | | | hûr | LOS < TK PN "Mauhûr", Noldorin "hûr" (vigour, fiery spirit) < Etym. "KHOR" | dare | |
 +| **pant** | NL < Qenya "panya-" (to plan, arrange, intend, mean) + Quenya "tel-", Sindarin "thel" (to intend); Gnomish "panta-" (to arrange, order, settle, set, put, place) | intend, plan, be going to, be about to | may be replaced with gerundive or suffix //-uth// of prospective aspect |
 | taur | NL < Summoning "taurzur" (dreams, n) | dream | dream about, not sleep | | taur | NL < Summoning "taurzur" (dreams, n) | dream | dream about, not sleep |
 | **thak** | NL < Sindarin "thia-" < Etym. "THÊ" | appear, seem, look (like, not "look at") | meaning depends on [[grammar_aspect|aspect]]: perfective = "appear", partial = "seem" | | **thak** | NL < Sindarin "thia-" < Etym. "THÊ" | appear, seem, look (like, not "look at") | meaning depends on [[grammar_aspect|aspect]]: perfective = "appear", partial = "seem" |
  
 +--------------------
 +===== Negation =====
 +Negative particle "nar" joins the modal verb, not the infinitive. For example, "I could not kill the dragon" = "Da__nar__pâshuz dogut lûgum".
modal_verbs.1622627425.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:49 (external edit)
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