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--- modal_verbs [2020/09/07 11:12] – morgoth
+++ modal_verbs [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-<WRAP center round important 60%>**WARNING: This article is not finished**
-<todo>add some other verbs</todo>
-\\ <todo>reconsider aspect & voice combinations modifying the meaning of some verbs</todo>
-\\ <todo>remove obsolete entries</todo>
-\\ <todo #morgoth:2020-08-28>probably sort the list by BS words</todo>
-\\ <todo>add examples</todo>
-</WRAP>
 ====== Modal verbs ======
 The [[grammar_verb|verb]] is called //modal// if it serves to indicate //[[grammar_mood|modality]]//, such as likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order and obligation, advice, etc. Modal verbs always come in pair with other verbs in [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]] or [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] form. In this pair modal verb is auxiliary and the other one is main. Modal verbs have following characteristics:
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 | **ilf** | NL < Mitanni Hurrian suffixes "-(i)lefa", "-(o)lefa" of potential mood | may, might | probability of something to happen |
 | [[verb_to_be|kul]] | LOS, compare with Quenya "cuilë" (life) | be, am, are, is, will, would, shall, should, was, were | |
-| **maug** | NL < Noldorin "bui" (I must), "baur" (need) < Etym. "MBAW" (compel, force, subject, oppress); compare with "mog" in [[personal_names|name]] "Gothmog" | must, ought to, have to, shall, should | more like "must" |
+| **maug** | NL < Noldorin "bui" (I must), "baur" (need) < Etym. "MBAW" (compel, force, subject, oppress); compare with "mog" in [[personal_names|name]] "Gothmog" | must, ought to, have to, shall, should | more like "must";\\ used only with active infinitive; passive use (like "must be destroyed") should be replaced with gerundive |
 | pâsh | LOS | can, could, be able (to), be capable (of) | ability to do something physically or with enough knowledge |
-| <del>zaug</del> | LOS | <del>must, ought to, have to, shall, should</del> | <del>more like "must"</del> |
 ^  express modality, but not modal in English  ^^^^
 | //bolk// | RE | need, have to | active = "need", perfect passive = "have to" |
-| <del>**dirb**</del> | NL < merging Quenya "nirmë" (act of will, n), "Þelma" (will, n), Sindarin "thel-" (will, v) | <del>will, would</del> | **change to noun only** |
 | **fad** | NL < Quenya "vanda" (oath, pledge, solemn promise) | promise, pledge | |
-| gashn | LOS < HG < Valarin "akašân" (he says), compare with Quenya "axan" (law, rule, commandment) | say, tell, order, command | in many dialects words for "say" and "command" are the same even when word itself is different from other dialects |
+| **furg** | NL < Quenya "þorya" + LOS "uf-" (frighten) < PN "Ufthak", LOS "ufur-" (fear) | fear | in NL "frighten" is "ugl" |
+| gashn | LOS < HG < Valarin "akašân" (he says), compare with Quenya "axan" (law, rule, commandment) | say, tell, order, command | in many dialects words for "say" and "command" are the same even when word itself is different from other dialects, but for more specific meaning see "kazh" |
 | **gazd** | NL, combination of HG "gadhl" (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin "gwaedh", "gwest" (oath, bond, troth) | swear, vow, pledge, give/make oath, guarantee | more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage |
-| has | LOS, probably from Quenya "cesta" (to seek, search for, ask) or Qenya "iqista" ("request", "please", n) < "IQI" | plead, please, beg, ask for | |
+| has | LOS, probably from Quenya "cesta" (to seek, search for, ask) or Qenya "iqista" ("request", "please", n) < "IQI" | plead, please, beg, ask for, request | |
 | **hiz** | NL < DS "hizi-", "izhi-" | want, will | |
 | **irm** | NL < Gnomish "erth" (wish, n.), "irm" (wish, intention, n.), "irn" (desired, wished for, adj.), Quenya "írë" < Etym. "ID" (n) "desire, wish" | wish, want | |
-| **khar** | NL < Sindarin "hartha-" | hope | |
+| //kazh// | ZB < Valarin "akašân" = "he (Eru) says" | order, command | see also "gashn" |
-| //khul// | HG (to question, ask) | demand, request, ask for | |
+| **khard** | NL < Sindarin "hartha-" | hope | |
-| lûp | LOS < SV | pray, ask for, beg, request | "has-" is more preferrable |
+| //khûl// | HG (to question, ask) | demand, request, ask for | |
-| **thrâh** | NL < TK "thrak" (bring, hale, drag by force) | suggest, propose, recommend, offer, advice | <wrap hi><todo>add some additional adverb to enforce meaning to "insist"</todo></wrap>|
+| **thrâh** | NL < TK "thrak" (bring, hale, drag by force) | suggest, propose, recommend, offer, advice | add enforcing particle "thu-" to modify meaning to "insist" |
 | **ton** | NL < LOS "tonprakh" < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL "prakh" (to lure) | suppose, assume, guess | |
-| uf | LOS (frighten) < PN "Ufthak", LOS "ufur-" (fear) | fear | in NL "frighten" is "ugl" |
 ^  modal-like  ^^^^
 | //bozd// | EH "bozd" (face, n) < GL "gwint", compare with LOS "ozt-" < HORN "ozut-" (appear, seem) | seem | modal meaning in expressions like "it seems" |
-| brogb | LOS < HG "like, favor, fancy" | love, like | but not in expression "I would like" |
+| brogb | LOS < HG "like, favor, fancy" | love, like | but not in expression "I would like" (use "hiz" or "irm" in Subjunctive mood instead) |
 | **darb** | NL < Etym. "DAR" | expect, wait | |
 | hûr | LOS < TK PN "Mauhûr", Noldorin "hûr" (vigour, fiery spirit) < Etym. "KHOR" | dare | |
+| **pant** | NL < Qenya "panya-" (to plan, arrange, intend, mean) + Quenya "tel-", Sindarin "thel" (to intend); Gnomish "panta-" (to arrange, order, settle, set, put, place) | intend, plan, be going to, be about to | may be replaced with gerundive or suffix //-uth// of prospective aspect |
 | taur | NL < Summoning "taurzur" (dreams, n) | dream | dream about, not sleep |
 | **thak** | NL < Sindarin "thia-" < Etym. "THÊ" | appear, seem, look (like, not "look at") | meaning depends on [[grammar_aspect|aspect]]: perfective = "appear", partial = "seem" |
+--------------------
+===== Negation =====
+Negative particle "nar" joins the modal verb, not the infinitive. For example, "I could not kill the dragon" = "Da__nar__pâshuz dogut lûgum".

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