Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki

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lexicon [2023/01/28 00:07] – [Translating real texts] morgothlexicon [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 Even the core (Tolkien's) lexicon of Ring Verse consists of many words borrowed from other languages of Arda (Valarin, Sindarin, Quenya). The examples are //nazg// (= ring, from Valarin //naškâd//), durb = (rule, from Quenya //tur//), //ghâsh// (= fire, possibly from Valarin //igas// = heat). [[black_speech_dialects|Modern dialects]] loan new words actively. Shadowlandian took them mainly from Quenya. Zhâburi focuses on Primitive Elvish and Valarin.  Even the core (Tolkien's) lexicon of Ring Verse consists of many words borrowed from other languages of Arda (Valarin, Sindarin, Quenya). The examples are //nazg// (= ring, from Valarin //naškâd//), durb = (rule, from Quenya //tur//), //ghâsh// (= fire, possibly from Valarin //igas// = heat). [[black_speech_dialects|Modern dialects]] loan new words actively. Shadowlandian took them mainly from Quenya. Zhâburi focuses on Primitive Elvish and Valarin. 
  
-Both Shadowlandian and Svartiska, and to a greater degree MERP have also borrowings from languages of real word (MERP mostly Albanian, but also Slavic and Turkic, some Germanic and Celtic). Nûrlâm tries to avoid them at all and treat them as dialectical words. However the words that were taken from languages of Arda but with origin in real world are considered appropriate. The example of later are //krond// (tunnel, mine) from Sindarin //groth// which was probably taken from Italian "grotto" (small cave) < Lating "crypta" (vault) < Greek "κρυπτός" (hidden) and //tind-// (to sparkle, glint) < Quenya "tinde" (a glint) < English "tinder".+Both Shadowlandian and Svartiska, and to a greater degree MERP have also borrowings from languages of real word (MERP mostly Albanian, but also Slavic and Turkic, some Germanic and Celtic). Nûrlâm tries to avoid them at all and treat them as dialectical words. However the words that were taken from languages of Arda but with origin in real world are considered appropriate. The example of later are //krond// (tunnel, mine) from Sindarin //groth// which was probably taken from Italian "grotto" (small cave) < Latin "crypta" (vault) < Greek "κρυπτός" (hidden) and //tind-// (to sparkle, glint) < Quenya "tinde" (a glint) < English "tinder".
  
 Orcish names incorporate stems of older versions of [[elven_languages|Elvish languages]] such as Gnomish and Noldorin (which later became Sindarin) and Qenya (predecessor of Quenya) or even raw roots from Etymologies (the chapter of "The Lost Road and Other Writings"). Words of other dialects taken from Quenya and Sindarin also became more similar to their older versions (intentionally or not). Orcish names incorporate stems of older versions of [[elven_languages|Elvish languages]] such as Gnomish and Noldorin (which later became Sindarin) and Qenya (predecessor of Quenya) or even raw roots from Etymologies (the chapter of "The Lost Road and Other Writings"). Words of other dialects taken from Quenya and Sindarin also became more similar to their older versions (intentionally or not).
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 About 100 words of 207 were directly borrowed into Nûrlâm from other Neo Black Speech dialects, while other 110 were either invented or modified to suit [[nurlam_objectives|Nûrlâm's objectives]]. Both Nûrlâm and other dialects actively loan words from Elvish languages. About 100 words of 207 were directly borrowed into Nûrlâm from other Neo Black Speech dialects, while other 110 were either invented or modified to suit [[nurlam_objectives|Nûrlâm's objectives]]. Both Nûrlâm and other dialects actively loan words from Elvish languages.
  
-Swadesh 207 words list contains 63 loan words from Quenya/Qenya, 8 directly from raw Etymologies roots, 36 from Sindarin/Noldorin/Gnomish, 7 from Valarin, thus total 114 (55%) borrowed words which is a very high number. In 100 words-list there are 40 of Elvish origin (all languages) and 6 of Valarin. The reduction of the Swadesh list from 207 to 100 words keeps almost all Valarin borrowings, doubling their percentage, keeping the same Elvish loan-words frequency (~ 55%). It was tempting to assume that there are more Valarin words in core dictionary, but further limiting it to 35 words (Swadesh-Yakhontov list) keeps only 1 borrowing from Valarin, but rising Elvish roots up to 60%. Restricting to Tolkien's lexicon only give us 38 elvish/Valarin words of 72 (52.8%). Therefore it's assumed that Black Speech belongs to Elvish language family but stays in separate group.+Swadesh 207 words list contains 63 loan words from Quenya/Qenya, 8 directly from raw Etymologies roots, 36 from Sindarin/Noldorin/Gnomish, 7 from Valarin, thus total 114 (55%) borrowed words which is a very high number. In 100 words-list there are 40 of Elvish origin (all languages) and 6 of Valarin. The reduction of the Swadesh list from 207 to 100 words keeps almost all Valarin borrowings, doubling their percentage, keeping the same Elvish loan-words frequency (~ 55%). It was tempting to assume that there are more Valarin words in core dictionary, but further limiting it to 35 words (Swadesh-Yakhontov list) keeps only 1 borrowing from Valarin, but rising Elvish roots up to 60%. Restricting to Tolkien's lexicon only give us 38 Elvish/Valarin words of 72 (52.8%). Therefore it's assumed that Black Speech belongs to Elvish language family but stays in separate group.
  
 However these calculations are approximate, as it's hard to calculate exact distribution of Elvish loan-words as many words exist both in Sindarin and Quenya and Nûrlâm tends to melt words from other dialects with elvish languages into one word. However these calculations are approximate, as it's hard to calculate exact distribution of Elvish loan-words as many words exist both in Sindarin and Quenya and Nûrlâm tends to melt words from other dialects with elvish languages into one word.
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 ===== Translating real texts ===== ===== Translating real texts =====
-From books by J.R.R. Tolkien:   +{{page>include:translations}}
-  * [[Full Ring verse in Nûrlâm]] +
-  * [[translations:Ugluk_and_Grishnakh|Dialogues of Uglúk, Grishnákh]] and other orcs from LOTR II: Uruk-Hai chapter  +
-  * [[translations:Shagrat_and_Gorbag_1|Dialogues of Shagrat, Gorbag]] and other orcs from LOTR II: The Choises of Master Samwise chapter +
-  * [[translations:Shagrat_and_Snaga|Dialogues of Shagrat and Snaga]] from LOTR III: The Tower of Cirith Ungol chapter +
-  * [[translations:The Land of Shadow|Dialogues of unnamed orcs from LOTR III: The Land of Shadow chapter]] +
-  * [[translations:Goblin song]] 1 from The Hobbit (Over Hill and Under Hill chapter) +
-  * [[translations:Goblin song 2]] from The Hobbit (Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire chapter) +
-Other texts: +
-  * [[translations:babel_tower|Babel's Tower]] (Genesis 11: 1--9) (based on New King James Bible Version, 1982) +
-  * [[translations:Diggy diggy hole]] (The Yogscast song in Minecraft setting) +
-  * [[translations:Erlkönig]] (by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) +
-  * [[translations:Herr Mannelig]] (Traditional song) +
-  * [[translations:The_king_and_the_god|The King and The God]] (fictional dialogue used as an example for reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European language) +
-  * [[translations:Litany against fear]] (from Frank Herbert's "Dune") +
-  * [[translations:Manowar|Songs by Manowar]] +
-  * [[translations:monty_python|Strange women lying in ponds distributing swords...]] (the famous conversation from "The Monty Python and the Holy Grail" movie) +
-  * [[translations:whip|Where there's a whip, there's a way...]] (from "The Return of the King" animated movie) +
-  * [[translations:Winter evening]] (by Alexander Pushkin) +
-  * [[translations:zehn_orks|Zehn Orks]] ("Ten Orcs", a song by Die Streuner)+
  
 These examples will be especially useful while [[translation|guide to translation from English into Nûrlâm]] is not ready (and not planned soon, <todo !>modify this paragraph when it will be ready</todo>). These examples will be especially useful while [[translation|guide to translation from English into Nûrlâm]] is not ready (and not planned soon, <todo !>modify this paragraph when it will be ready</todo>).
lexicon.1674853674.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:48 (external edit)
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