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--- lessons:verbs_2 [2023/12/19 18:38] – [Verbs: past tense. More adverbs] morgoth
+++ lessons:verbs_2 [2024/04/14 16:17] (current) – [Exercise 2] finished morgoth
@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 It's hard to express thoughts using only [[lessons:verbs_1|present tense]] of the verbs. You need past tense to talk about things that already happened. To put the verb into the past tense, the suffix **//-uz-//** should be inserted between word's root and 3rd person ending. For example:
-^ Tense   ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^
+^ Verb form ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^
-| command | Come! | Skât! |
+^ Imperative | Come! | Skât! |
-^ Present | An orc is coming | Ash uruk skat//â// |
+^ Present    | An orc is coming | Ash uruk skat//â// |
-^ Past    | An orc came | Ash uruk skat**__uz__**//â// |
+^ Past       | An orc came | Ash uruk skat**__uz__**//â// |
+---------------------
 ===== New words =====
-  * af (to throw)
   * ak (to stab)
   * farb (to chase, hunt)
-  * fîth (to hold, keep)
   * ghur (to die)
   * grush (to hit, strike, punch)
-  * hât (to push, poke, thrust)
+  * kramp (to do, make)
-  * îst (to know)
-  * kurg (to turn)
   * lal (to laugh)
-  * ont (to count [numbers])
+  * lûmp (to fall)
+  * rong (to dig)
+  * ronk (pit, pool)
-Past tense in Nûrlâm also substitutes English Present Perfect tense (actions that already happened but in the still lasting time interval). Example: "The dwarf has just fallen" should be translated as "Gazatum lûmp**__uz__**â ûnarz" (you don't translate "have/has").
-===== New words =====
 Some adverbs may be helpful in describing the past:
   * dok (already, before, previously)
@@ Line 28: / Line 24: @@
   * ûn (new) => ûnarz (just, recently)
+Past tense in Nûrlâm also substitutes English Present Perfect tense (actions that already happened but in the still lasting time interval). Example: "The dwarf has just fallen" should be translated as "Gazatum lûmp**__uz__**â ûnarz" (you don't translate "have/has").
+----------------------
+===== Exercise 1 =====
+Translate into Nûrlâm:
+  - demons made some sorcery again
+  - filthy dwarves heard this
+  - four dragons escaped
+  - orcs hunted the elves
+  - shit stank
+  - the bee made a new pile
+  - the pain stopped
+  - the slayer stabbed the slave
+  - the strong warrior stroke the fat troll
+  - this human already died
+<hidden show answers>
+  - rog krampuzû mûd dush nokhar
+  - dug gazat khlâruzû za / gazat dug khlâruzû za
+  - hant lûg irzuzû
+  - uruk farbuzû za golug
+  - push pushduzâ
+  - noim krampuzâ ash ûn tub / noim krampuzâ ash tubûn
+  - hrizgum puzguzâ
+  - dogum akuzâ snagam
+  - bolg mauhum grushuzâ tûrz ologum / maubolgum grushuzâ ologtûrzum
+  - za tark ghuruzâ dok
+</hidden>
+----------------------
+===== Exercise 2 =====
+Translate from Nûrlâm:
+  - agh burzum lûmpuzâ
+  - golug shoguzû saubumûk
+  - golugûrz mau skâtuzû lad
+  - graz nîn ugluzâ krig nazgûl
+  - lagum grishuzâ za hrau
+  - ologum laluzâ
+  - rogum ronguzâ ash ronk
+  - tug ghor thrakuzâ mik zrî
+  - uruk ghâshuzû nîr goim
+  - ûzûl uruk throkhuzâ karn âps ûnarz
+<hidden show answers>
+  - and the darkness fell
+  - elves drank all the juice
+  - elvish warriors came late
+  - cold water frightened three Nazgûl
+  - the sword cut the flesh
+  - the troll laughed
+  - the demon dug a pit
+  - only blood brought a little joy
+  - orcs burned the beautiful city
+  - green orc has just eaten red meat / green orc was eating red meat recently
+</hidden>
+--------------------
+===== See also =====
+  * [[:lessons|All lessons]]
+  * [[lessons:commands|Lesson "Verbs: commands and imperatives"]]
+  * [[lessons:verbs_1|Lesson "Verbs: present tense, 3rd person endings. Simple sentences"]]
+  * [[lessons:aspects|Lesson "Verbs: aspects"]]
+  * [[[[:grammar_verb|Grammar of verbs]]

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