Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki

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====== Verbs: present tense, 3rd person endings. Simple sentences ======
It's time to start forming a simple sentences! But it's not possible without proper use of verbs. Verbs are the most complex topic in Nûrlâm, but in simple sentences they are quite simple too.

===== Third person suffixes =====
In the lesson about [[lessons:nouns|nouns]] it was said that nouns do not have grammatical number in Nûrlâm. However the verbs do! In English only the 3rd person singular verbs in present tense receive additional ending //-(e)s//. In Nûrlâm plural verbs also get their own suffix:
^ Grammatical number of subject ^ Verb ending ^ 
| singular | -â |
| plural   | -û |
Moreover, these exact suffixes are used with past and future tenses, too.

===== Present tense =====
Nûrlâm has only three tenses: present, past and future. It makes no distinction between Simple, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous //tenses//. However, the distinction may be made with grammatical category of [[:lessons:aspects|aspect]], which we leave for future lessons. Also, English Present Perfect tense is translated with [[:lessons:verbs_2|past tense]] of Nûrlâm, which we also will study later.
 
Present tense doesn't require any suffix marker in Nûrlâm, just like commands, but verbs in present (or any other) tense may receive many other grammatical suffixes (like 3rd person suffixes we learned just now).

Present tense in Nûrlâm is used to express:
  * actions going at the moment of speaking (e.g. "orc is eating");
  * regular actions that didn't stop to happen;
  * general truths (like "orcs eat")

===== Making simple sentences =====
So, let's make our first basic statements using the rules we just learned. Let's start with words "orc" (uruk) and "eat" (throkh-). When you combine verb roots with suffices, you shouldn't write hyphens.
^ English  ^ Nûrlâm ^ Comments ^
| orc eat__s__ | uruk throkh__â__ | actually, no clarification of quantity is needed for subject |
| orc__s__ eat | uruk throkh__û__ | in lesson about nouns we've learned that nouns do not take plural suffix, however the verbs do instead! |
Adding articles, numerals, adjectives or quantifier words doesn't change the verb's suffix:
^ English  ^ Nûrlâm ^
| the orc eat__s__ | urukum throkh__â__ |
| an orc eat__s__  | ash uruk throkh__â__ |
| one orc eat__s__ | ::: |
| two orc__s__ eat | krul uruk throkh__û__ |
| scary orc eat__s__ | uf uruk throkh__â__ |
| ::: | urukuf throkh__â__ |
| big orc__s__ eat | urukdau throkh__û__ |
| some orc__s__ eat | mûd uruk throkh__û__ |
| all orc__s__ eat  | urukûk throkh__û__ |

===== Adding objects =====
Like with [[lessons:commands|commands]], when using the noun as object of the sentence, it's grammatical form isn't changed. For example: "orcs eat meat" => "uruk throkhû âps".

As you can see from examples above, there is no need in clarifying the grammatical number of subject, as it's verb takes it instead. However articles, exact numbers or quantifier words are necessary for objects.

---------------------
===== New words =====
  * âps (cooked meat, flesh)((uncountable))
  * durb (to rule, force, control)
  * gazat (dwarf)
  * khlâr (to hear)
  * mazg (bread)((uncountable))
  * pushd (to stink)
  * rog (demon)
  * shog (to drink)
  * skoir (to fly)
  * ugl (to frighten, scare)

----------------------
===== Exercise 1 =====
Translate into Nûrlâm:
  - an orc is coming
  - demon flies
  - dwarves stink
  - elves eat bread
  - orcs drink blood
  - nine wraiths are scaring these humans
  - scary trolls hear the filthy dwarves
  - the dragon rules this mountain
  - the slaves escape
  - the warrior kills a troll
<hidden show answers>
  - ash uruk skâtâ
  - rog skoirâ
  - gazat pushdû
  - golug throkhû mazg
  - uruk shogû ghor
  - krith gûl uglû za tark
  - ologuf khlârû za dug gazat / uf olog khlârû za dug gazat
  - lûgum durbâ za rod / za lûg durbâ za rod
  - za snaga irzû
  - mauhum dogâ ash olog / maum dogâ ash olog / za mauh dogâ ash olog / za mau dogâ ash olog
</hidden>

----------------------
===== Exercise 2 =====
Translate into English:
  - dog durbâ
  - golug shogâ mûd saub
  - ink hûr uruk maukû krâk gazat
  - mauh krimpâ za snaga 
  - noi nakhû
  - rod binâ
  - skri shra throgû za nazg
  - tark grishû ûzûl taum
  - tarkum throkhâ âps
  - za shra gashnâ
<hidden show answers>
  - slayer rules
  - elf drinks some juice / elf is drinking some juice
  - six brave orcs fight five dwarves / six brave orcs are fighting five dwarves
  - warrior ties the slaves / warrior is tying the slaves
  - bees bite / bees are biting
  - mountain stands / mountain is standing
  - eight persons are giving the rings
  - humans cut the green forest / humans are cutting the green forest
  - the human eats meat / the human is eating meat
  - this person speaks / this person says / this person is speaking / this person is saying
</hidden>

--------------------
===== See also =====
  * [[:lessons|All lessons]]
  * [[lessons:commands|Lesson "Verbs: commands and imperatives"]]
  * [[lessons:verbs_2|Lesson "Verbs: past tense. More adverbs"]]
  * [[lessons:aspects|Lesson "Verbs: aspects"]]
  * [[[[:grammar_verb|Grammar of verbs]]
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