Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
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lessons:pronunciation [2023/10/01 22:15] – [Hyphenation] morgothlessons:pronunciation [2024/04/13 20:42] (current) – [Digraphs] morgoth
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 |  â  | [aː]  | | |  â  | [aː]  | |
 |  i  | [i] (([[wp>Close_front_unrounded_vowel]]))  | [ɪ] (([[wp>Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel]])) in diphthongs (see below) and some sub-dialects, especially after //l//, //sh// and //zh// | |  i  | [i] (([[wp>Close_front_unrounded_vowel]]))  | [ɪ] (([[wp>Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel]])) in diphthongs (see below) and some sub-dialects, especially after //l//, //sh// and //zh// |
-|  î  | [iː]  | [y] (([[wp>Close_front_rounded_vowel]])) in some dialects, but not welcomed in Nûrlâm |+|  î  | [iː]  | |
 |  o  | [o] (([[wp>Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel]]))  | | |  o  | [o] (([[wp>Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel]]))  | |
 |  ô  | [oː]  | | |  ô  | [oː]  | |
 |  u  | [u] (([[wp>Close_back_rounded_vowel]]))  | [ʊ] (([[wp>Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel]])) in diphthongs (see below) and some sub-dialects | |  u  | [u] (([[wp>Close_back_rounded_vowel]]))  | [ʊ] (([[wp>Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel]])) in diphthongs (see below) and some sub-dialects |
-|  û  | [uː]  | |+|  û  | [uː]  | [y] (([[wp>Close_front_rounded_vowel]])) in some dialects, but not welcomed in Nûrlâm |
  
 Letter //i// does **not** palatalize the previous consonant. Letter //i// does **not** palatalize the previous consonant.
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 ^  Digraph  ^ IPA ^ Comments ^ ^  Digraph  ^ IPA ^ Comments ^
-|  bh  | [β] (([[wp>Voiced_bilabial_fricative]])) | imagine trying to pronounce v, b and w at the same time; similar to Spanish b~v merger "hue**v**os" but a little bit closer to //b//; may also resemble Ukrainian "в" word-initially before vowels. | +|  bh  | [β] (([[wp>Voiced_bilabial_fricative]])) | imagine trying to pronounce //v//, //b// and //w// at the same time; similar to Spanish //b//~//v// merger "hue**//v//**os" but a little bit closer to //b//; may also resemble Ukrainian "//в//" word-initially before vowels. | 
-| ::: | [bʰ] / [bʱ] | aspirated or "breathy-voiced" b -- in some dialects, especially after vowels | +| ::: | [bʰ] / [bʱ] | aspirated or "breathy-voiced" //b// -- in some dialects, especially after vowels | 
-| ::: | [v] | as in "**v**oice" -- use regular //v// only if you struggle with other options; similar to how Ancient Greek letter "phi" (φ) with sound [pʰ] became Modern Greek [f] | +| ::: | [v] | as in "**//v//**oice" -- use regular //v// only if you struggle with other options; similar to how Ancient Greek letter "phi" (//φ//) with sound [pʰ] became Modern Greek [f] | 
-|  dh  | [ð] (([[wp>Voiced_dental_fricative]])) | as in "brea**th**e" |+|  dh  | [ð] (([[wp>Voiced_dental_fricative]])) | as in "brea**//th//**e" |
 | ::: | [d̪ʰ] | aspirated //d// in some dialects, especially after vowels | | ::: | [d̪ʰ] | aspirated //d// in some dialects, especially after vowels |
-|  gh  | [ɣ] (([[wp>Voiced_velar_fricative]])) | partially devoiced //g//; as in second syllable of this [[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Ady-%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B.oga|sample]]; as //g// before voiced consonants in Icelandic; as Ukrainian //г// or Russian //г// in some dialects, at words' boundaries when first word ends with //г//, and the second starts with voiced consonants, or in some borrowed words or few interjections, e.g. "бо**г д**ал", "бу**хг**алтер", "у**г**у"; \\ please note that many examples in Wikipedia article provided resemble more to some sort of "R" rather than "G". |+|  gh  | [ɣ] (([[wp>Voiced_velar_fricative]])) | partially devoiced //g//; as in second syllable of this [[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Ady-%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B.oga|sample]]; as //g// before voiced consonants in Icelandic; as Ukrainian //г// or Russian //г// in some dialects, at words' boundaries when first word ends with //г//, and the second starts with voiced consonants, or in some borrowed words or few interjections, e.g. "бо**//г д//**ал", "бу**//хг//**алтер", "у**//г//**у"; \\ please note that many examples provided in Wikipedia article are closer to some sort of "r" rather than "g". |
 | ::: | [gʰ] | aspirated //g// in some dialects, especially after vowels | | ::: | [gʰ] | aspirated //g// in some dialects, especially after vowels |
-|  kh  | [x] (([[wp>Voiceless_velar_fricative]])) | as in Scottish English "lo**ch**"; as in Standard German "Bu**ch**" (but not "i**ch**"!); as Russian letter "х" |+|  kh  | [x] (([[wp>Voiceless_velar_fricative]])) | as in Scottish English "lo**//ch//**"; as in Standard German "Bu**//ch//**" (but not "i**//ch//**"!); as Russian letter "//х//" |
 | ::: | [kʰ], [q](([[wp>Voiceless_uvular_plosive]])) | aspirated //k// in some dialects, especially after vowels | | ::: | [kʰ], [q](([[wp>Voiceless_uvular_plosive]])) | aspirated //k// in some dialects, especially after vowels |
-|  sh  | [ʂ] (([[wp>Voiceless_retroflex_fricative]])) | Russian "ш", found in many other Slavic languages (usually represented with //š//); also frequent in Turkic languages. | +|  sh  | [ʂ] (([[wp>Voiceless_retroflex_fricative]])) | Russian "//ш//", found in many other Slavic languages (usually represented with //š//); also frequent in Turkic languages. | 
-| ::: | [ʃ] (([[wp>Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative]])) | as in "**sh**ip" | +| ::: | [ʃ] (([[wp>Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative]])) | as in "**//sh//**ip" | 
-|  th  | [θ] (([[wp>Voiceless_dental_fricative]])) | as in "**th**ink" | +|  th  | [θ] (([[wp>Voiceless_dental_fricative]])) | as in "**//th//**ink" | 
-| ::: | [d̪ʰ] | aspirated //t// in some dialects, especially after vowels | +| ::: | [t̪ʰ] | aspirated //t// in some dialects, especially after vowels | 
-|  zh  | [ʐ] (([[wp>Voiced retroflex fricative]])) | Russian "ж", found in many other Slavic languages (usually represented with //ž//); also frequent in Turkic languages. | +|  zh  | [ʐ] (([[wp>Voiced retroflex fricative]])) | Russian "//ж//", found in many other Slavic languages (usually represented with //ž//); also frequent in Turkic languages. | 
-| ::: | [ʒ] (([[wp>Voiced_postalveolar_fricative]])) | as in English "plea**s**ure" or French "bon**j**our" |+| ::: | [ʒ] (([[wp>Voiced_postalveolar_fricative]])) | as in English "plea**//s//**ure" or French "bon**//j//**our" |
  
 The distinction between //g//, //gh//, //k//, //kh// and //h// is very important in Nûrlâm, as mutations between these 5 consonants are often used to make new words or modify the word's meaning: "**gh**âsh" = "fire", "**g**ash" = "heat", "**kh**ash" = "warmth". The distinction between //g//, //gh//, //k//, //kh// and //h// is very important in Nûrlâm, as mutations between these 5 consonants are often used to make new words or modify the word's meaning: "**gh**âsh" = "fire", "**g**ash" = "heat", "**kh**ash" = "warmth".
lessons/pronunciation.1696187701.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/10/01 22:15 by morgoth
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