Nûrlâm –
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lessons:pronunciation [2023/07/31 17:26] – [Digraphs] morgothlessons:pronunciation [2024/04/13 20:42] (current) – [Digraphs] morgoth
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 ^  Letter  ^  IPA  ^ Comments ^ ^  Letter  ^  IPA  ^ Comments ^
 |  a  | [a] (([[wp>Open_front_unrounded_vowel]]))  | | |  a  | [a] (([[wp>Open_front_unrounded_vowel]]))  | |
-|  â  | [a]ː  | |+|  â  | [aː]  | |
 |  i  | [i] (([[wp>Close_front_unrounded_vowel]]))  | [ɪ] (([[wp>Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel]])) in diphthongs (see below) and some sub-dialects, especially after //l//, //sh// and //zh// | |  i  | [i] (([[wp>Close_front_unrounded_vowel]]))  | [ɪ] (([[wp>Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel]])) in diphthongs (see below) and some sub-dialects, especially after //l//, //sh// and //zh// |
-|  î  | [iː]  | [y] (([[wp>Close_front_rounded_vowel]])) in some dialects, but not welcomed in Nûrlâm |+|  î  | [iː]  | |
 |  o  | [o] (([[wp>Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel]]))  | | |  o  | [o] (([[wp>Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel]]))  | |
 |  ô  | [oː]  | | |  ô  | [oː]  | |
 |  u  | [u] (([[wp>Close_back_rounded_vowel]]))  | [ʊ] (([[wp>Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel]])) in diphthongs (see below) and some sub-dialects | |  u  | [u] (([[wp>Close_back_rounded_vowel]]))  | [ʊ] (([[wp>Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel]])) in diphthongs (see below) and some sub-dialects |
-|  û  | [uː]  | |+|  û  | [uː]  | [y] (([[wp>Close_front_rounded_vowel]])) in some dialects, but not welcomed in Nûrlâm |
  
 Letter //i// does **not** palatalize the previous consonant. Letter //i// does **not** palatalize the previous consonant.
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 |  m  | [m]  | as in "**m**ud" | |  m  | [m]  | as in "**m**ud" |
 |  n  | [n]  | as in "**n**ut" | |  n  | [n]  | as in "**n**ut" |
-| ::: | [ŋ] (([[wp>Voiced_velar_nasal]])) | [[wp>Allophone|allophone]] of //n// before some consonants: //ng//, //nk//, //nd//, //nt//; but unlike English "ri**ng**" [riŋ], //g// is still pronounced |+| ::: | [ŋ] (([[wp>Voiced_velar_nasal]])) | [[wp>Allophone|allophone]] of //n// before some consonants: //ng//, //nk//, //nd//, //nt//; but unlike English "ri**ng**" [rɪŋ], //g// is still pronounced |
 |  p  | [p]  | never aspirated, as in English "s**p**in" or "ma**p**", not in "**p**it" | |  p  | [p]  | never aspirated, as in English "s**p**in" or "ma**p**", not in "**p**it" |
-|  r  | [ʀ] (([[wp>Voiced_uvular_trill]])) | as in German "**r**ot" before vowels or word-initially; may be "full" or "rolled" R [r] (([[wp>Voiced_alveolar_trill]])) as in Russian or Spanish |+|  r*  | [ʀ] (([[wp>Voiced_uvular_trill]])) | as in German "**r**ot" before vowels or word-initially; may be "full" or "rolled" R [r] (([[wp>Voiced_alveolar_trill]])) as in Russian or Spanish |
 | ::: | [ʁ] (([[wp>Voiced_uvular_fricative]])) / [ɹ] (([[wp>Voiced_alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants]])) | as in French and Standard German before other consonants or word-finally | | ::: | [ʁ] (([[wp>Voiced_uvular_fricative]])) / [ɹ] (([[wp>Voiced_alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants]])) | as in French and Standard German before other consonants or word-finally |
 |  s  | [s̪] | as in "ki**ss**", more dental as in Russian | |  s  | [s̪] | as in "ki**ss**", more dental as in Russian |
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 |  y  | [j] | as in "**y**ard"; occurs only word-initially before vowels | |  y  | [j] | as in "**y**ard"; occurs only word-initially before vowels |
 |  z  | [z̪] | as in "bu**zz**", more dental as in Russian | |  z  | [z̪] | as in "bu**zz**", more dental as in Russian |
 +* both variants of //r// are non-contrasting allophones
 ==== Digraphs ==== ==== Digraphs ====
 Digraphs (combinations of two letters) represent less common sounds, and may be difficult to pronounce, so all of them have at least two variants of pronunciation. Digraphs (combinations of two letters) represent less common sounds, and may be difficult to pronounce, so all of them have at least two variants of pronunciation.
  
 ^  Digraph  ^ IPA ^ Comments ^ ^  Digraph  ^ IPA ^ Comments ^
-|  bh  | [β] (([[wp>Voiced_bilabial_fricative]])) | imagine trying to pronounce v, b and w at the same time; similar to Spanish b~v merger "hue**v**os" but a little bit closer to //b//; may also resemble Ukrainian "в" word-initially before vowels. | +|  bh  | [β] (([[wp>Voiced_bilabial_fricative]])) | imagine trying to pronounce //v//, //b// and //w// at the same time; similar to Spanish //b//~//v// merger "hue**//v//**os" but a little bit closer to //b//; may also resemble Ukrainian "//в//" word-initially before vowels. | 
-| ::: | [bʰ] / [bʱ] | aspirated or "breathy-voiced" b -- in some dialects, especially after vowels | +| ::: | [bʰ] / [bʱ] | aspirated or "breathy-voiced" //b// -- in some dialects, especially after vowels | 
-| ::: | [v] | as in "**v**oice" -- use regular //v// only if you struggle with other options; similar to how Ancient Greek letter "phi" (φ) with sound [pʰ] became Modern Greek [f] | +| ::: | [v] | as in "**//v//**oice" -- use regular //v// only if you struggle with other options; similar to how Ancient Greek letter "phi" (//φ//) with sound [pʰ] became Modern Greek [f] | 
-|  dh  | [ð] (([[wp>Voiced_dental_fricative]])) | as in "brea**th**e" | +|  dh  | [ð] (([[wp>Voiced_dental_fricative]])) | as in "brea**//th//**e" | 
-| ::: | [dʰ] | aspirated //d// in some dialects, especially after vowels | +| ::: | [d̪ʰ] | aspirated //d// in some dialects, especially after vowels | 
-|  gh  | [ɣ] (([[wp>Voiced_velar_fricative]])) | partially devoiced //g//; as in second syllable of this [[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Ady-%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B.oga|sample]]; as //g// before voiced consonants in Icelandic; as Ukrainian //г// or Russian //г// in some dialects, at words' boundaries when first word ends with //г//, and the second starts with voiced consonants, or in some borrowed words or few interjections, e.g. "бо**г д**ал", "бу**хг**алтер", "у**г**у"; \\ please note that many examples in Wikipedia article provided resemble more to some sort of "R" rather than "G". |+|  gh  | [ɣ] (([[wp>Voiced_velar_fricative]])) | partially devoiced //g//; as in second syllable of this [[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Ady-%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B.oga|sample]]; as //g// before voiced consonants in Icelandic; as Ukrainian //г// or Russian //г// in some dialects, at words' boundaries when first word ends with //г//, and the second starts with voiced consonants, or in some borrowed words or few interjections, e.g. "бо**//г д//**ал", "бу**//хг//**алтер", "у**//г//**у"; \\ please note that many examples provided in Wikipedia article are closer to some sort of "r" rather than "g". |
 | ::: | [gʰ] | aspirated //g// in some dialects, especially after vowels | | ::: | [gʰ] | aspirated //g// in some dialects, especially after vowels |
-|  kh  | [x] (([[wp>Voiceless_velar_fricative]])) | as in Scottish English "lo**ch**"; as in Standard German "Bu**ch**" (but not "i**ch**"!); as Russian letter "х" |+|  kh  | [x] (([[wp>Voiceless_velar_fricative]])) | as in Scottish English "lo**//ch//**"; as in Standard German "Bu**//ch//**" (but not "i**//ch//**"!); as Russian letter "//х//" |
 | ::: | [kʰ], [q](([[wp>Voiceless_uvular_plosive]])) | aspirated //k// in some dialects, especially after vowels | | ::: | [kʰ], [q](([[wp>Voiceless_uvular_plosive]])) | aspirated //k// in some dialects, especially after vowels |
-|  sh  | [ʂ] (([[wp>Voiceless_retroflex_fricative]])) | Russian "ш", found in many other Slavic languages (usually represented with //š//); also frequent in Turkic languages. | +|  sh  | [ʂ] (([[wp>Voiceless_retroflex_fricative]])) | Russian "//ш//", found in many other Slavic languages (usually represented with //š//); also frequent in Turkic languages. | 
-| ::: | [ʃ] (([[wp>Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative]])) | as in "**sh**ip" | +| ::: | [ʃ] (([[wp>Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative]])) | as in "**//sh//**ip" | 
-|  th  | [θ] (([[wp>Voiceless_dental_fricative]])) | as in "**th**ink" | +|  th  | [θ] (([[wp>Voiceless_dental_fricative]])) | as in "**//th//**ink" | 
-| ::: | [tʰ] | aspirated //t// in some dialects, especially after vowels | +| ::: | [t̪ʰ] | aspirated //t// in some dialects, especially after vowels | 
-|  zh  | [ʐ] (([[wp>Voiced retroflex fricative]])) | Russian "ж", found in many other Slavic languages (usually represented with //ž//); also frequent in Turkic languages. | +|  zh  | [ʐ] (([[wp>Voiced retroflex fricative]])) | Russian "//ж//", found in many other Slavic languages (usually represented with //ž//); also frequent in Turkic languages. | 
-| ::: | [ʃ] (([[wp>Voiced_postalveolar_fricative]])) | as in English "plea**s**ure" or French "bon**j**our" |+| ::: | [ʒ] (([[wp>Voiced_postalveolar_fricative]])) | as in English "plea**//s//**ure" or French "bon**//j//**our" |
  
 The distinction between //g//, //gh//, //k//, //kh// and //h// is very important in Nûrlâm, as mutations between these 5 consonants are often used to make new words or modify the word's meaning: "**gh**âsh" = "fire", "**g**ash" = "heat", "**kh**ash" = "warmth". The distinction between //g//, //gh//, //k//, //kh// and //h// is very important in Nûrlâm, as mutations between these 5 consonants are often used to make new words or modify the word's meaning: "**gh**âsh" = "fire", "**g**ash" = "heat", "**kh**ash" = "warmth".
 ==== Hyphenation ==== ==== Hyphenation ====
-Hyphens are used to indicated that digraphs should be read as two separate phonemes, especially in combined words like "búb-hosh" (['buːb hoʂ], not ['buːβoʂ]) or "Uruk-hai" (['uruk haɪ], not ['uruxaɪ]). They may also indicate a pause or glottal stop occuring when appending words starting with vowel, e. g. "burzum-ishi" should be read as ['buʁzum.ˌiʂɪ] not ['buʁzuˌmiʂɪ].+Hyphens are used to indicate that digraphs should be read as two separate phonemes, especially in combined words like "búb-hosh" (['buːb.hoʂ], not ['buːβoʂ]) or "Uruk-hai" (['uruk.haɪ], not ['uruxaɪ]). They may also indicate a pause or glottal stop occuring when appending words starting with vowel, e. g. "burzum-ishi" should be read as ['buʁzum.ˌiʂɪ] not ['buʁzuˌmiʂɪ].
  
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lessons/pronunciation.1690813591.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 15:32 (external edit)
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