Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki

User Tools

Site Tools

Trace:
include:personal_pronouns

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revisionPrevious revision
Next revision		Previous revision
include:personal_pronouns [2021/08/15 12:47] – morgothinclude:personal_pronouns [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
Line 1: Line 1:
 ===== Personal pronouns ===== ===== Personal pronouns =====
-Personal pronouns are closely related to grammatical category of [[:grammar_person|person]]. In Nûrlâm this connection is even closer than usual. There is a popular belief that Sauron forbids using standalone personal pronouns specially in singular form (Classical Black Speech do not have singular number at all), but they became //clitics// similar to affixes of person attached to [[:grammar_verb|verbs]]. Most sentences do not have stand-alone pronouns except //analytic// forms of language used only in modern Debased Black Speech and answering the questions (like "I" in response to "Who did it?").+Personal pronouns are closely related to grammatical category of [[:grammar_person|person]]. In [[:nurlam|Nûrlâm]] this connection is even closer than usual. There is a popular belief that Sauron forbids using standalone personal pronouns specially in singular form (Classical Black Speech do not have singular number at all), but they became //clitics// similar to affixes of person attached to [[:grammar_verb|verbs]]. Most sentences do not have stand-alone pronouns except //analytic// forms of language used only in modern Debased Black Speech and answering the questions (like "I" in response to "Who did it?").
  
 Not only pronouns taking the role of subject are joined to verbs but also direct object in accusative case may be attached too. However in colloquial speech only 3rd person plural //-ul// (them) is still added as suffix while others usually used as standalone words. If object pronoun is in some case except Nominative and Accusative or has dependent modifier (usually adjective) then they both are written separately. Subject pronouns rarely have modifiers. Not only pronouns taking the role of subject are joined to verbs but also direct object in accusative case may be attached too. However in colloquial speech only 3rd person plural //-ul// (them) is still added as suffix while others usually used as standalone words. If object pronoun is in some case except Nominative and Accusative or has dependent modifier (usually adjective) then they both are written separately. Subject pronouns rarely have modifiers.
Line 6: Line 6:
 Actually such behavior of pronouns is the calque from Quenya, and not the unique thing of Black Speech and not the result of some imaginary Sauron's philosophy. "Cf. Aragorn's exclamation when he found the sapling of the White Tree: **Utúvienyes!**, "I have found it!" (**utúvie**-**nye**-**s** "have found-I-it"; LotR3/VI ch. 5)" ((https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm)) Actually such behavior of pronouns is the calque from Quenya, and not the unique thing of Black Speech and not the result of some imaginary Sauron's philosophy. "Cf. Aragorn's exclamation when he found the sapling of the White Tree: **Utúvienyes!**, "I have found it!" (**utúvie**-**nye**-**s** "have found-I-it"; LotR3/VI ch. 5)" ((https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm))
  
-Similarly to [[hurrian_hypothesis|Hurrian]], Nûrlâm has complex pronominal system (however more consistent) with different pronouns for subject and object. +Similarly to [[:hurrian_hypothesis|Hurrian]], Nûrlâm has complex pronominal system (however more consistent) with different pronouns for subject and object. 
  
 Pronouns were heavily modified during the history of Black Speech. Below is the summary table for all features existed in Nûrlâm. See also articles on grammatical category of [[:grammar_person|person]] and [[:black_speech_evolution|evolution of Black Speech]] for more historical information.  Pronouns were heavily modified during the history of Black Speech. Below is the summary table for all features existed in Nûrlâm. See also articles on grammatical category of [[:grammar_person|person]] and [[:black_speech_evolution|evolution of Black Speech]] for more historical information. 
Line 15: Line 15:
 | 1st sg. | standalone | I   | da     | HORN "da";\\ compare with Urartian ending "-də" of intransitive verb in 1st person singular | | 1st sg. | standalone | I   | da     | HORN "da";\\ compare with Urartian ending "-də" of intransitive verb in 1st person singular |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | da- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | da- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | me | -iz | LOS "-izg", ZB "-ish" (1st person exclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) < Hurrian standalone 1st person singular pronoun "ishte" | +| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | me | -iz | LOS "-izg", ZB "-ish" (1st person exclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) < Hurrian standalone 1st person singular pronoun "ishte" | 
-| 1st pl. | standalone | we   | dak     | HORN "dak", in analogy with 3rd person "ta" – "tak" |+| 1st pl. | standalone | we   | dak     | HORN "dak", in analogy with 3rd person "ta" -- "tak" |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | dak- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | dak- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup>  | us  | -ak | ZB "-ak" (1st person inclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) |+| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup>  | us  | -ak | ZB "-ak" (1st person inclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) |
 | 2nd sg. | standalone | you, thou | fi | Gnomish singular "fi" + Hurrian standalone singular "fe" | | 2nd sg. | standalone | you, thou | fi | Gnomish singular "fi" + Hurrian standalone singular "fe" |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | fi- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | fi- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | you, thee | -am | Hurrian absolutive 2nd singular clitic "-m(ma)" |+| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | you, thee | -am | Hurrian absolutive 2nd singular clitic "-m(ma)" |
 | 2nd pl. | standalone | you, ye | gi | DS "ki" < Adûnaic "ki" & Qenya "ke" (sing.), DS "gi" (your), Gnomish "gwe" (pl.) | | 2nd pl. | standalone | you, ye | gi | DS "ki" < Adûnaic "ki" & Qenya "ke" (sing.), DS "gi" (your), Gnomish "gwe" (pl.) |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | gi- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | gi- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | you | -af | Hurrian absolutive 2nd plural clitic "-f(fa)" | +| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | you | -af | Hurrian absolutive 2nd plural clitic "-f(fa)" | 
 | 3rd sg. | standalone | he, she, it | ta | EL "tak" (they), all major dialects from Etym. "TA" (that), Qenya "ta" (that, it), replaced in later Quenya | | 3rd sg. | standalone | he, she, it | ta | EL "tak" (they), all major dialects from Etym. "TA" (that), Qenya "ta" (that, it), replaced in later Quenya |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | ta- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | ta- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 2 <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup> | ::: | -â(t) | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb "-a" + LOS 3rd person singular verb suffix "-at";\\ compare with HORN suffix "-a" with meaning "one who does" | +| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup> | ::: | -â(t) | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb "-a" + LOS 3rd person singular verb suffix "-at";\\ compare with HORN suffix "-a" with meaning "one who does" | 
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | him, her, it | -an | Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic "-n(na)" | +| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | him, her, it | -an | Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic "-n(na)" | 
 | 3rd pl. | standalone | they | tak | EL "tak" (they) | | 3rd pl. | standalone | they | tak | EL "tak" (they) |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | tak- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | tak- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 2 <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup> | ::: | -û(t) | rare Svartiska's plural suffix //-û// + AN 3rd person plural verb ending //-ut// | +| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup> | ::: | -û(t) | rare Svartiska's plural suffix //-û// + AN 3rd person plural verb ending //-ut// | 
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | them | -ul | TK, CBS, RI |+| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | them | -ul | TK, CBS, RI |
  
 Third person nominal markers //-â// and //-û// are used at the end of the word and before consonants of following suffixes and clitics. When following suffixes or clitics starts with vowel (almost every of them), auxiliary suffix //-t-// is inserted between them (see [[:grammar_verb#suffix_chain|verb's suffix chain]]). During transition to Modern language 3rd person markers //-â// and //-û// occur only with transitive verbs. Third person nominal markers //-â// and //-û// are used at the end of the word and before consonants of following suffixes and clitics. When following suffixes or clitics starts with vowel (almost every of them), auxiliary suffix //-t-// is inserted between them (see [[:grammar_verb#suffix_chain|verb's suffix chain]]). During transition to Modern language 3rd person markers //-â// and //-û// occur only with transitive verbs.
Line 48: Line 48:
 | 1st pl.                   | we      | dak      | |  | 1st pl.                   | we      | dak      | | 
 | :::                       | :::     | **izgû** | LOS "izg" + regular plural suffix "-û" | | :::                       | :::     | **izgû** | LOS "izg" + regular plural suffix "-û" |
-| 2nd sing.                 | you     | gi       | |+| 2nd sing.                 | you     | fi       | |
 | :::                       | :::     | **lat**  | AN, used in majority of other Neo Black Speech dialects;\\ compare with Quenya "-lyë", "-llë", "ellë", "le" | | :::                       | :::     | **lat**  | AN, used in majority of other Neo Black Speech dialects;\\ compare with Quenya "-lyë", "-llë", "ellë", "le" |
-| 2nd pl.                   | :::     | fi       | |+| 2nd pl.                   | :::     | gi       | |
 | :::                       | :::     | **latû** | AN "lat" + regular plural suffix "-û" | | :::                       | :::     | **latû** | AN "lat" + regular plural suffix "-û" |
 | 3rd sing. m.              | he      | ta       | |  | 3rd sing. m.              | he      | ta       | | 
Line 62: Line 62:
 Positions in verb's [[:grammar_verb#suffix_chain|suffix chain table]]: Positions in verb's [[:grammar_verb#suffix_chain|suffix chain table]]:
   - -4: prefix of person (pronominal subject);   - -4: prefix of person (pronominal subject);
-  - 2: suffix of person when subject is not a personal pronoun, e.g. noun or relative or indefinite pronoun; +  - 3: suffix of person when subject is not a personal pronoun, e.g. noun or relative or indefinite pronoun; 
-  - 3: suffix of object's person (only when object is a personal pronoun in Accusative/Objective case);+  - 4: suffix of object's person (only when object is a personal pronoun in Accusative/Objective case);
  
 ----------------------- -----------------------
 ==== Summary table ==== ==== Summary table ====
 {{page>include:personal_pronouns_summary}} {{page>include:personal_pronouns_summary}}
include/personal_pronouns.1629020849.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 15:32 (external edit)
Except where otherwise noted, content on this wiki is licensed under the following license: CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International
CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International Powered by PHP Valid HTML5 Valid CSS Driven by DokuWiki