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include:personal_pronouns [2020/08/31 21:44] – [Standard Nûrlâm] morgoth | include:personal_pronouns [2022/09/08 13:05] – [Colloquial Nûrlâm] morgoth | ||
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===== Personal pronouns ===== | ===== Personal pronouns ===== | ||
- | Personal pronouns are closely related to grammatical category of [[: | + | Personal pronouns are closely related to grammatical category of [[: |
- | Not only pronouns taking the role of subject are joined to verbs but also direct object in accusative case may be attached too. However in colloquial speech only 3rd person plural //-ul// (them) is still added as suffix while others usually used as standalone words. If object pronoun has dependent modifier (usually adjective) then they both are written separately. Subject pronouns rarely have modifiers. | + | Not only pronouns taking the role of subject are joined to verbs but also direct object in accusative case may be attached too. However in colloquial speech only 3rd person plural //-ul// (them) is still added as suffix while others usually used as standalone words. If object pronoun |
Actually such behavior of pronouns is the calque from Quenya, and not the unique thing of Black Speech and not the result of some imaginary Sauron' | Actually such behavior of pronouns is the calque from Quenya, and not the unique thing of Black Speech and not the result of some imaginary Sauron' | ||
- | Similarly to Hurrian, Nûrlâm has complex pronominal system (however more consistent) with different pronouns for subject and object. | + | Similarly to [[: |
Pronouns were heavily modified during the history of Black Speech. Below is the summary table for all features existed in Nûrlâm. See also articles on grammatical category of [[: | Pronouns were heavily modified during the history of Black Speech. Below is the summary table for all features existed in Nûrlâm. See also articles on grammatical category of [[: | ||
- | ==== Archaic | + | ==== Standard |
- | There is no distinction between singular | + | Personal pronouns are divided into 3 categories: clitic subjective pronouns, clitic objective pronouns |
^ Person ^ Position | ^ Person ^ Position | ||
- | | 1st | standalone | I, we | da | HORN " | + | | 1st sg. | standalone | I | da | HORN " |
| ::: | clitic, -4 < | | ::: | clitic, -4 < | ||
- | | ::: | clitic, | + | | ::: | clitic, |
- | | 2nd | standalone | you, thou, ye | fi | Gnomish singular " | + | | 1st pl. | standalone | we | dak | HORN " |
+ | | ::: | clitic, -4 < | ||
+ | | ::: | clitic, 4 < | ||
+ | | 2nd sg. | standalone | you, thou | fi | Gnomish singular " | ||
| ::: | clitic, -4 < | | ::: | clitic, -4 < | ||
- | | ::: | clitic, | + | | ::: | clitic, |
- | | 3rd sing. | standalone | he, she, it | ta | EL " | + | | 2nd pl. | standalone | you, ye | gi | DS " |
+ | | ::: | clitic, -4 < | ||
+ | | ::: | clitic, 4 < | ||
+ | | 3rd sg. | standalone | he, she, it | ta | EL " | ||
| ::: | clitic, -4 < | | ::: | clitic, -4 < | ||
- | | ::: | clitic, | + | | ::: | clitic, |
- | | ::: | clitic, | + | | ::: | clitic, |
| 3rd pl. | standalone | they | tak | EL " | | 3rd pl. | standalone | they | tak | EL " | ||
| ::: | clitic, -4 < | | ::: | clitic, -4 < | ||
- | | ::: | clitic, | + | | ::: | clitic, |
- | | ::: | clitic, | + | | ::: | clitic, |
- | Third person nominal markers //-â// and //-û// are used at the end of the word and before consonants of following suffixes and clitics. When following suffixes or clitics starts with vowel (almost every of them), auxiliary suffix //-t-// is inserted between them (see [[: | + | Third person nominal markers //-â// and //-û// are used at the end of the word and before consonants of following suffixes and clitics. When following suffixes or clitics starts with vowel (almost every of them), auxiliary suffix //-t-// is inserted between them (see [[: |
+ | |||
+ | Singular and 2nd person plural subjective pronouns (//da, fi, gi, ta//) are written separately if verb's root starts with vowel and it has no other prefixes. 1st and 3rd person plural personal subjective pronouns (//tak// and //dak//) may be written separately if verb's root starts with consonant cluster or with " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Archaic Nûrlâm ==== | ||
+ | In [[: | ||
- | ==== Standard Nûrlâm ==== | ||
- | Common number becomes singular, adding plural form for 1st and 2nd person pronouns. Position 3 in verb's suffix chain is now used for Accusative/ | ||
- | ^ Person ^ Position | ||
- | | 1st pl. | standalone | we | dak | HORN " | ||
- | | ::: | clitic, -4 < | ||
- | | ::: | clitic, 3 < | ||
- | | 2nd pl. | standalone | you, ye | gi | DS " | ||
- | | ::: | clitic, -4 < | ||
- | | ::: | clitic, 3 < | ||
- | During transition to Modern language 3rd person markers //-â// and //-û// occur only with transitive verbs. | ||
==== Colloquial Nûrlâm ==== | ==== Colloquial Nûrlâm ==== | ||
All pronouns are written separately from verb with plural forms unified. However some subdialects adopted subject pronouns, while others took object clitics as stand-alone subjects pronouns. 3rd person plural suffix //-û// becomes common plural suffix for all parts of speech. Adding division in gender for 3rd person pronouns. | All pronouns are written separately from verb with plural forms unified. However some subdialects adopted subject pronouns, while others took object clitics as stand-alone subjects pronouns. 3rd person plural suffix //-û// becomes common plural suffix for all parts of speech. Adding division in gender for 3rd person pronouns. | ||
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| 1st pl. | we | dak | | | | 1st pl. | we | dak | | | ||
| ::: | ::: | **izgû** | LOS " | | ::: | ::: | **izgû** | LOS " | ||
- | | 2nd sing. | you | + | | 2nd sing. | you |
| ::: | ::: | **lat** | | ::: | ::: | **lat** | ||
- | | 2nd pl. | ::: | + | | 2nd pl. | ::: |
| ::: | ::: | **latû** | AN " | | ::: | ::: | **latû** | AN " | ||
| 3rd sing. m. | he | ta | | | | 3rd sing. m. | he | ta | | | ||
- | | 3rd sing. f. | she | **na** | + | | 3rd sing. f. | she | **na** |
| 3rd sing. n. | it | **za** | | 3rd sing. n. | it | **za** | ||
| 3rd pl. | they | tak | | | | 3rd pl. | they | tak | | | ||
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==== Notes ==== | ==== Notes ==== | ||
Positions in verb's [[: | Positions in verb's [[: | ||
- | - -4: prefix of person (pronominal subject/agent); | + | - -4: prefix of person (pronominal subject); |
- | - 2: suffix of person when subject is not a personal pronoun, e.g. noun or relative or indefinite pronoun; | + | - 3: suffix of person when subject is not a personal pronoun, e.g. noun or relative or indefinite pronoun; |
- | - 3: suffix of object' | + | - 4: suffix of object' |
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==== Summary table ==== | ==== Summary table ==== | ||
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