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grammar_voice [2022/04/24 12:34] – [Passive voice] morgoth | grammar_voice [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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===== Passive voice ===== | ===== Passive voice ===== | ||
In **Passive** voice the patient (receiver, underdoer) of an action expressed by verb becomes the subject of the sentence. | In **Passive** voice the patient (receiver, underdoer) of an action expressed by verb becomes the subject of the sentence. | ||
- | There are 4 ways of expressing passive voice in Nûrlâm. The //first// one is by adding passive voice marker //-âk-// before markers of tense; this is mostly done with passive past tense. | + | There are 4 ways of expressing passive voice in Nûrlâm: |
+ | - by adding passive voice marker //-âk-// before markers of verb' | ||
+ | - use the [[grammar_participle|participles]] for present and past tenses, this way should be used for so-called | ||
+ | - using [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for future tense similarly to participles. However direct translation of gerundives back from Nûrlâm to English will be passive infinitives with tone of intention or purpose. | ||
+ | - //active// [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]], | ||
+ | In first three variants the subject (= patient) is not marked with case ending (remains in Nominative case), the agent of action is put in [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]] and thus strictly speaking becomes an [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] instead of object. | ||
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^ Future | ^ Future | ||
| ::: | Uruk dogubâ ash golug | Golug dogâkubâ urukirzi | | ::: | Uruk dogubâ ash golug | Golug dogâkubâ urukirzi | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Explanation ^ | ||
+ | | This ring is stolen | Za nazg kulâ orskaga | here passive means that " | ||
+ | | The ring was stolen by orcs | Nazgum orskâkuzâ urukirzi | here passive swaps the role of subject and object, it may be refrased to "orcs stole the ring", so verb's passive suffix was used | | ||
+ | | The ring was stolen | Orskuzû nazgum | as agent of action is unknown, impersonal sentence without grammatical passive was used; "the ring" was subject in English sentence, but became an object in Nûrlâm' | ||
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