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--- grammar_voice [2022/04/07 20:01] – Cooperative voice added. Structure changed morgoth
+++ grammar_voice [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ===== Passive voice =====
-In **Passive** voice the subject of the sentence is the patient (receiver, underdoer) of an action expressed by verb.
+In **Passive** voice the patient (receiver, underdoer) of an action expressed by verb becomes the subject of the sentence.
-There are 3 ways of expressing passive voice in Nûrlâm. The //first// one is to use the [[grammar_participle|participles]] for present and past tenses. The subject (= patient) is not marked with case ending (Nominative case), the agent of action is put in [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]] and thus strictly speaking becomes an [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] instead of object. The //second// one is using [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for future tense similarly to participles. However direct translation of gerundives back from Nûrlâm to English will be passive infinitives with tone of intention or purpose. The //third// is not a passive strictly speaking, but active [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]], used when agent of an action is not specified or is unknown. The patient is usually put into [[case_dative|Dative case]] in such sentences. It can be rather said, that sometimes passive voice is expressed syntactically by impersonal clauses instead of special grammatical forms.
+There are 4 ways of expressing passive voice in Nûrlâm:
+  - by adding passive voice marker //-âk-// before markers of verb's tense; this is mostly done with passive past tense.
+  - use the [[grammar_participle|participles]] for present and past tenses, this way should be used for so-called //stative// passive, describing the state or characteristic.
+  - using [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for future tense similarly to participles. However direct translation of gerundives back from Nûrlâm to English will be passive infinitives with tone of intention or purpose.
+  - //active// [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]], used when agent of an action is not specified or is unknown, thus not a passive strictly speaking. The patient is usually put into [[case_dative|Dative case]] in such sentences. It can be rather said, that sometimes passive voice is expressed syntactically by impersonal clauses instead of special grammatical forms.
+In first three variants the subject (= patient) is not marked with case ending (remains in Nominative case), the agent of action is put in [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]] and thus strictly speaking becomes an [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] instead of object.
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 ===== Examples =====
-^ Tense   ^ Active ^ Passive ^ Impersonal ^
+^ Tense   ^ Active ^ Passive with verb suffix ^ Passive with nonfinite verb forms ^ Impersonal ^
-^ Past    | Orc killed an elf | Elf was killed by an orc | Elf was killed |
+^ Past    | Orc killed an elf |  Elf was killed by an orc  || Elf was killed |
-| :::     | Uruk doguzâ ash golug | Golug kuzâ dogaga urukirzi | Doguzâ golug |
+| :::     | Uruk doguzâ ash golug |  Golug dogâkuzâ urukirzi  |  Golug kuzâ dogaga urukirzi  | Doguzâ golug |
-^ Present | Orc is killing an elf | Elf is being killed by an orc | Elf is being killed |
+^ Present | Orc is killing an elf |  Elf is being killed by an orc  || Elf is being killed |
-| :::     | Uruk dogâ ash golug | Golug kulâ dogag urukirzi | Dogâ golug |
+| :::     | Uruk dogâ ash golug |  Golug dogâkâ urukirzi  |  Golug kulâ dogag urukirzi  | Dogâ golug |
-^ Future  | Orc will kill an elf | Elf will be killed by an orc | Elf will be killed |
+^ Future  | Orc will kill an elf |  Elf will be killed by an orc  || Elf will be killed |
-| :::     | Uruk dogubâ ash golug | Golug (kulâ/kubâ) dogat urukirzi | Dogubâ golug |
+| :::     | Uruk dogubâ ash golug |  Golug dogâkubâ urukirzi  |  Golug (kulâ/kubâ) dogat urukirzi  | Dogubâ golug |
+^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Explanation ^
+| This ring is stolen | Za nazg kulâ orskaga | here passive means that "stolen" is ring's attribute, so verb "kul-" (to be) with participle is used |
+| The ring was stolen by orcs | Nazgum orskâkuzâ urukirzi | here passive swaps the role of subject and object, it may be refrased to "orcs stole the ring", so verb's passive suffix was used |
+| The ring was stolen | Orskuzû nazgum | as agent of action is unknown, impersonal sentence without grammatical passive was used; "the ring" was subject in English sentence, but became an object in Nûrlâm's translation, therefore it was placed after verb, archaic accusative suffix //-ish// may be added to leave word order the same: "Nazgumish orskuzû". |
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-===== Other voices =====
+===== Other =====
-When reflexive [[pronouns#reflexive_and_reciprocal_pronouns|pronoun]] //-îm// (self) is added to the verb as [[clitics|clitic]] it may be treated as //Reflexive// voice. Similarly, postposition "-sha" (with) may be prefixed as clitic adverb (together), thus //Cooperative// voice (attested in real-world Manchu, Classical Mongolian, probably Old Japanese, and mixed with //reciprocal// in Turkmen). Due to their rarity in majority of real-world languages, and little impact on grammar and syntax, these terms are almost never used in Nûrlâm.
+When reflexive [[pronouns#reflexive_and_reciprocal_pronouns|pronoun]] //-îm// (self) is added to the verb as [[clitics|clitic]] it may be treated as //Reflexive// voice. Similarly, postposition "-sha" (with) may be added as clitic adverb (together), thus //Cooperative// voice (attested in real-world Manchu, Classical Mongolian, probably Old Japanese, and mixed with //reciprocal// in Turkmen). Due to their rarity in majority of real-world languages, and little impact on grammar and syntax, these terms are almost never used in Nûrlâm.
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   * [[grammar_participle|Participles]] - have some examples
   * [[syntax_possession|Expressions of possession]] - have some examples on using the passive voice and how the roles of subject and object are changed
+  * [[grammar_verb#suffix_chain|Verb's suffix chain]]

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