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grammar_voice [2022/02/14 19:48] – morgoth | grammar_voice [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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====== Grammatical Voice ====== | ====== Grammatical Voice ====== | ||
- | The **// | + | The **// |
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===== Passive voice ===== | ===== Passive voice ===== | ||
- | In **Passive** voice the subject of the sentence is the patient (receiver, underdoer) of an action expressed by verb. | + | In **Passive** voice the patient (receiver, underdoer) of an action expressed by verb becomes the subject of the sentence. |
- | There are 3 ways of expressing passive voice in Nûrlâm. The //first// one is to use the [[grammar_participle|participles]] for present and past tenses. The subject (= patient) is not marked with case ending (Nominative case), the agent of action is put in [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]] and thus strictly speaking becomes an [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] instead of object. The //second// one is using [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for future tense similarly to participles. However direct translation of gerundives back from Nûrlâm to English will be passive infinitives with tone of intention or purpose. | + | There are 4 ways of expressing passive voice in Nûrlâm: |
+ | - by adding passive voice marker | ||
+ | - use the [[grammar_participle|participles]] for present and past tenses, | ||
+ | - using [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for future tense similarly to participles. However direct translation of gerundives back from Nûrlâm to English will be passive infinitives with tone of intention or purpose. | ||
+ | - //active// [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]], | ||
+ | In first three variants the subject (= patient) is not marked with case ending (remains in Nominative case), the agent of action is put in [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]] and thus strictly speaking becomes an [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] instead of object. | ||
-------------------- | -------------------- | ||
===== Examples ===== | ===== Examples ===== | ||
- | ^ Tense ^ Active ^ Passive ^ Impersonal ^ | + | ^ Tense ^ Active ^ Passive |
- | ^ Past | Orc killed an elf | Elf was killed by an orc | Elf was killed | | + | ^ Past | Orc killed an elf | Elf was killed by an orc || Elf was killed | |
- | | ::: | Uruk doguzâ ash golug | Golug kuzâ dogaga urukirzi | Doguzâ golug | | + | | ::: | Uruk doguzâ ash golug | Golug dogâkuzâ urukirzi |
- | ^ Present | Orc is killing an elf | Elf is being killed by an orc | Elf is being killed | | + | ^ Present | Orc is killing an elf | Elf is being killed by an orc || Elf is being killed | |
- | | ::: | Uruk dogâ ash golug | Golug kulâ dogag urukirzi | Dogâ golug | | + | | ::: | Uruk dogâ ash golug | Golug dogâkâ urukirzi |
- | ^ Future | + | ^ Future |
- | | ::: | Uruk dogubâ ash golug | Golug (kulâ/ | + | | ::: | Uruk dogubâ ash golug | Golug dogâkubâ urukirzi |
- | ----------------- | + | ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Explanation ^ |
+ | | This ring is stolen | Za nazg kulâ orskaga | here passive means that " | ||
+ | | The ring was stolen by orcs | Nazgum orskâkuzâ urukirzi | here passive swaps the role of subject and object, it may be refrased to "orcs stole the ring", so verb's passive suffix was used | | ||
+ | | The ring was stolen | Orskuzû nazgum | as agent of action is unknown, impersonal sentence without grammatical passive was used; "the ring" was subject in English sentence, but became an object in Nûrlâm' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ------------------------ | ||
+ | ===== Other ===== | ||
+ | When reflexive [[pronouns# | ||
+ | |||
+ | -------------------- | ||
===== See also ===== | ===== See also ===== | ||
* [[wp> | * [[wp> | ||
* [[grammar_participle|Participles]] - have some examples | * [[grammar_participle|Participles]] - have some examples | ||
* [[syntax_possession|Expressions of possession]] - have some examples on using the passive voice and how the roles of subject and object are changed | * [[syntax_possession|Expressions of possession]] - have some examples on using the passive voice and how the roles of subject and object are changed | ||
+ | * [[grammar_verb# |