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grammar_voice [2021/07/24 18:40] – [Examples] morgoth | grammar_voice [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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====== Grammatical Voice ====== | ====== Grammatical Voice ====== | ||
- | The **// | + | The **// |
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===== Passive voice ===== | ===== Passive voice ===== | ||
- | In **Passive** voice the subject of the sentence is the patient (receiver, underdoer) of an action expressed by verb. | + | In **Passive** voice the patient (receiver, underdoer) of an action expressed by verb becomes the subject of the sentence. |
- | There are 3 ways of expressing passive voice in Nûrlâm. The //first// one is to use the [[grammar_participle|participles]] for present and past tenses. The subject (= patient) is not marked with case ending (Nominative case), the agent of action is put in [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]] and thus strictly speaking becomes an [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] instead of object. The //second// one is using [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for future tense similarly to participles. However direct translation of gerundives back from Nûrlâm to English will be passive infinitives with tone of intention or purpose. | + | There are 4 ways of expressing passive voice in Nûrlâm: |
+ | - by adding passive voice marker | ||
+ | - use the [[grammar_participle|participles]] for present and past tenses, | ||
+ | - using [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for future tense similarly to participles. However direct translation of gerundives back from Nûrlâm to English will be passive infinitives with tone of intention or purpose. | ||
+ | - //active// [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]], | ||
+ | In first three variants the subject (= patient) is not marked with case ending (remains in Nominative case), the agent of action is put in [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]] and thus strictly speaking becomes an [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] instead of object. | ||
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===== Examples ===== | ===== Examples ===== | ||
- | <WRAP center round important 60%> | + | ^ Tense ^ Active ^ Passive with verb suffix ^ Passive with nonfinite verb forms ^ Impersonal ^ |
- | <todo !!> | + | ^ Past | Orc killed an elf | Elf was killed by an orc || Elf was killed | |
- | </WRAP> | + | | ::: | Uruk doguzâ ash golug | Golug dogâkuzâ urukirzi |
+ | ^ Present | Orc is killing an elf | Elf is being killed by an orc || Elf is being killed | | ||
+ | | ::: | Uruk dogâ ash golug | Golug dogâkâ urukirzi | ||
+ | ^ Future | ||
+ | | ::: | Uruk dogubâ ash golug | Golug dogâkubâ urukirzi | ||
- | ^ Tense ^ Active | + | ^ English |
- | ^ Past | + | | This ring is stolen |
- | | ::: | Uruk doguzâ ash golug | Golug kuzâ doguga | + | | The ring was stolen by orcs | Nazgum orskâkuzâ |
- | ^ Present | + | | The ring was stolen |
- | | ::: | Uruk dogâ ash golug | Golug kulâ dogug urukirzi | Dogâ golug | | + | |
- | ^ Future | + | |
- | | ::: | Uruk dogubâ ash golug | Golug dogat urukirzi | Dogubâ golug | | + | |
- | ----------------- | + | ------------------------ |
- | ===== Links ===== | + | ===== Other ===== |
- | | + | When reflexive |
+ | -------------------- | ||
+ | ===== See also ===== | ||
+ | * [[wp> | ||
+ | * [[grammar_participle|Participles]] - have some examples | ||
+ | * [[syntax_possession|Expressions of possession]] - have some examples on using the passive voice and how the roles of subject and object are changed | ||
+ | * [[grammar_verb# |