Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki

User Tools

Site Tools

Trace:
grammar_verb

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revisionPrevious revision
Next revision		Previous revision
grammar_verb [2021/01/10 18:36] – [Valency and transitivity] morgothgrammar_verb [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
Line 32: Line 32:
 The way of verb's inflection in person was changed through (internal) [[black_speech_evolution|history of language]], so better consult separate [[grammar_person|page on this topic]]. Below is the description of "standard" version of Nûrlâm language preferable by it's author.  The way of verb's inflection in person was changed through (internal) [[black_speech_evolution|history of language]], so better consult separate [[grammar_person|page on this topic]]. Below is the description of "standard" version of Nûrlâm language preferable by it's author. 
  
-If subject is a personal pronoun then it's usually spelled with verb together in one word, so they may be treated as prefixes of person. Nouns and other types of pronouns belong to 3rd person, and their verb is marked with suffixes //-â// (singular) or //-û// (plural). So it can be said, that subject's grammatical number is marked in the verb's ending. Example:+If subject is a [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|personal pronoun]] then it's usually spelled with verb together in one word, so they may be treated as prefixes of person. Nouns and other types of pronouns belong to 3rd person, and their verb is marked with suffixes //-â// (singular) or //-û// (plural). So it can be said, that subject's grammatical number is marked in the verb's ending. Example:
 | Tark matâ | Human dies | | Tark matâ | Human dies |
 | Tark matû | Humans die | | Tark matû | Humans die |
  
-In some subdialects these suffixes may be used only with //transitive// verbs.+Suffix //-â// is often skipped when word "ash" (one) is the subject. In some subdialects these suffixes may be used only with //transitive// verbs.
 ----------------- -----------------
 ===== Tense ===== ===== Tense =====
-**//Tense//** references the time of described action relatively to the moment of speaking. There are three simple [[grammar_tense|tenses]] in Black Speech: past, present and future. Any additional tenses of English are treated as different [[grammar_aspect|aspects]] of verb. All verbs are conjugated regularly except the [[verb_to_be|"kul"]] (to be) and pseudo-verb "[[gâkh]]".+**//Tense//** references the time of described action relatively to the moment of speaking. There are three simple [[grammar_tense|tenses]] in Black Speech: past, present and future. Any additional tenses of English are treated as different [[grammar_aspect|aspects]] of verb. All verbs are conjugated regularly except the "[[verb_to_be|kul]]" (to be) and pseudo-verb "[[gâkh]]".
  
 ^ Tense   ^ Suffix ^ ^ Tense   ^ Suffix ^
Line 60: Line 60:
 ----------------- -----------------
 ===== Voice ===== ===== Voice =====
-**//[[grammar_voice|Voice]]//** denotes relationship between action, subject and object. There are two voices in standard Nûrlâm: active and passive. When subject is the agent (doer) of the action the voice is called active. When subject is the target, patient or undergoer of the action then the verb is passive. Standard Nûrlâm uses mostly active voice. Passive voice may be expressed by using //[[grammar_participle|participles]]// and sometimes with [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]].+**//[[grammar_voice|Voice]]//** denotes relationship between action, subject and object. There are two voices in standard Nûrlâm: active and passive. When subject is the agent (doer) of the action the voice is called active. When subject is the target, patient or undergoer of the action then the verb is passive. Standard Nûrlâm uses mostly active voice. Passive voice may be expressed by adding suffix //-âk// before markers of tense or using //[[grammar_participle|participles]]// and sometimes with [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]].
  
 When direct object is the reflexive pronoun //-îm// ("self") added to the verb as a clitic, it may be analyzed as //reflexive voice//. But because this term is uncommon this wiki will rarely use it. When direct object is the reflexive pronoun //-îm// ("self") added to the verb as a clitic, it may be analyzed as //reflexive voice//. But because this term is uncommon this wiki will rarely use it.
Line 72: Line 72:
 ---------------- ----------------
 ===== Mood ===== ===== Mood =====
-**//[[grammar_mood|Mood]]//** shows speaker/writer's attitude to the sentence they describe. It has strong connection to the [[syntax]] of language as the mood is usually expressed both with special grammatical forms, syntactical constructions and/or word order. **<del>See separate articles</del>**. Special grammatical forms include: declarative (tense and person markers), imperative (dictionary form, no markers), subjunctive (//-ulg// with no following markers), interrogative (//-mar-//). Grammatical mood is closely connected to [[modal verbs]], however Nûrlâm doesn't truly have them.+**//[[grammar_mood|Mood]]//** shows speaker/writer's attitude to the sentence they describe. It has strong connection to the [[syntax]] of language as the mood is usually expressed both with special grammatical forms, syntactical constructions and/or word order. Special grammatical forms include: [[mood_indicative|indicative]] (tense and person markers), [[mood_imperative|imperative]] (dictionary form, no markers), [[mood_subjunctive|subjunctive]] (//-ulg// with no following markers), [[mood_interrogative|interrogative]] (//-mar-//). Grammatical mood is closely connected to [[modal verbs]], however Nûrlâm doesn't truly have them.
  
 --------------------------- ---------------------------
 ===== Nonfinite forms ===== ===== Nonfinite forms =====
-Nonfinite forms of verb include [[grammar_infinitive|Infinitive]], [[grammar_participle|Participles]] and [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundive]] which can take various roles in the [[syntax|sentence]]. There is no such forms as Gerund (usually replaced by infinitive or noun) or Supin in Nûrlâm dialect. However Tolkien stated that  ending //-at// considered by researchers as infinitive is more like a participle, so it may be not a true infinitive, but some special nonfinite form of verb with functions of gerund, infinitive and present/future participle.+Tolkien stated that ending //-at// considered by early researchers as infinitive is in fact closer to a participle, so it may be not a true infinitive, but some special nonfinite form of verb with functions of gerund, infinitive of purpose and present/future participle.
  
 +Nonfinite forms of Nûrlâm's verbs include [[grammar_infinitive|Infinitive]], [[grammar_participle|Participles]] and [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundive]] which can take various roles in the [[syntax|sentence]]. Nûrlâm has no such distinct forms as //Supin// or //Gerund// (usually replaced by infinitives or nouns with abstract suffix //-urm// or //-aut//, but gerundives may be translated back to English as gerund with preposition "for").
 +
 +Gerundive, infinitive, participle and regular verb may compose one predicate: "The ring was created to make people obey" => "Nazgum kuzâ krampaga ikhat hai bûrtut". Where "was created" (= "kuzâ krampaga") is verb + participle, "to make" was translated with gerundive "ikhat" as it denotes purpose, and "obey" was translated with infinitive "bûrtut".
 ------------------------ ------------------------
 ===== Suffix chain ===== ===== Suffix chain =====
grammar_verb.1610293015.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:48 (external edit)
Except where otherwise noted, content on this wiki is licensed under the following license: CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International
CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International Powered by PHP Valid HTML5 Valid CSS Driven by DokuWiki