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grammar_verb [2020/08/28 20:14] – [Tense] morgothgrammar_verb [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 | 4 (quadrivalent)        | ::: | 3 | tritransitive | | 4 (quadrivalent)        | ::: | 3 | tritransitive |
  
-Unlike [[black_speech_dialects#zhaburi|Zhâburi]], in Nûrlâm transitivity does not affect the morphology of verbs (no additional suffixes), but has effect on the syntax (e.g. sentences built in [[syntax_ergative|Ergative alignment]]). Suffixes //-â// and //-û// (see below) in some subdialects may mark only transitive verbs with nominal subject.+Unlike [[black_speech_dialects#zhaburi|Zhâburi]], in Nûrlâm transitivity does not affect the morphology of verbs (no additional suffixes). However suffixes //-â// and //-û// (see below) in some subdialects may mark only transitive verbs with nominal subject.
  
-Most verbs can change valency depending on situation. Compare "I eat" (1) with "I eat flesh" (2) and "I eat flesh with bare hands" (3). It may be hard to count valency for English-speakers as pronouns can be attached to the verb like in examples before ("Dathrak", "Dathrak âps", "Dathrak âps nâkhsha"). But these translations into Black Speech can be translated into other languages (like Russian) with exact the same number of words ("ем" etc.) as valid sentences. Therefore in Nûrlâm verb "eat" in these examples have the valency one less than in English.+Some verbs have different forms for transitive and intransitive, for example "fauth-" means "hide self, lurk" while "shkal-" means "hide something or somebody else". 
 + 
 +But majority of verbs can change valency depending on situation. Compare "I eat" (1) with "I eat flesh" (2) and "I eat flesh with bare hands" (3). It may be hard to count valency for English-speakers as pronouns can be attached to the verb like in examples before ("Dathrak", "Dathrak âps", "Dathrak âps nâkhsha"). But these translations into Black Speech can be translated into other languages (like Russian) with exact the same number of words ("ем" etc.) as valid sentences. Therefore in Nûrlâm verb "eat" in these examples have the valency one less than in English.
  
 <WRAP center round info 60%> <WRAP center round info 60%>
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 The way of verb's inflection in person was changed through (internal) [[black_speech_evolution|history of language]], so better consult separate [[grammar_person|page on this topic]]. Below is the description of "standard" version of Nûrlâm language preferable by it's author.  The way of verb's inflection in person was changed through (internal) [[black_speech_evolution|history of language]], so better consult separate [[grammar_person|page on this topic]]. Below is the description of "standard" version of Nûrlâm language preferable by it's author. 
  
-If subject is a personal pronoun then it's usually spelled with verb together in one word, so they may be treated as prefixes of person. Nouns and other types of pronouns belong to 3rd person, and their verb is marked with suffixes //-â// (singular) or //-û// (plural). So it can be said, that subject's grammatical number is marked in the verb's ending. Example:+If subject is a [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|personal pronoun]] then it's usually spelled with verb together in one word, so they may be treated as prefixes of person. Nouns and other types of pronouns belong to 3rd person, and their verb is marked with suffixes //-â// (singular) or //-û// (plural). So it can be said, that subject's grammatical number is marked in the verb's ending. Example:
 | Tark matâ | Human dies | | Tark matâ | Human dies |
 | Tark matû | Humans die | | Tark matû | Humans die |
  
-In some subdialects these suffixes may be used only with //transitive// verbs.+Suffix //-â// is often skipped when word "ash" (one) is the subject. In some subdialects these suffixes may be used only with //transitive// verbs.
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 ===== Tense ===== ===== Tense =====
-**//Tense//** references the time of described action relatively to the moment of speaking. There are three simple [[grammar_tense|tenses]] in Black Speech: past, present and future. Any additional tenses of English are treated as different [[grammar_aspect|aspects]] of verb. All verbs are conjugated regularly except the [[verb "to be"]].+**//Tense//** references the time of described action relatively to the moment of speaking. There are three simple [[grammar_tense|tenses]] in Black Speech: past, present and future. Any additional tenses of English are treated as different [[grammar_aspect|aspects]] of verb. All verbs are conjugated regularly except the "[[verb_to_be|kul]]" (to be) and pseudo-verb "[[gâkh]]".
  
 ^ Tense   ^ Suffix ^ ^ Tense   ^ Suffix ^
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 ----------------- -----------------
 ===== Voice ===== ===== Voice =====
-**//[[grammar_voice|Voice]]//** denotes relationship between action, subject and object. There are two voices in standard Nûrlâm: active and passive. When subject is the agent (doer) of the action the voice is called active. When subject is the target, patient or undergoer of the action then the verb is passive. Standard Nûrlâm uses mostly active voice. Passive voice may be expressed either by archaic //[[syntax_ergative|Ergative]]// syntactical structure or by using //[[grammar_participle|participles]]//.+**//[[grammar_voice|Voice]]//** denotes relationship between action, subject and object. There are two voices in standard Nûrlâm: active and passive. When subject is the agent (doer) of the action the voice is called active. When subject is the target, patient or undergoer of the action then the verb is passive. Standard Nûrlâm uses mostly active voice. Passive voice may be expressed by adding suffix //-âk// before markers of tense or using //[[grammar_participle|participles]]// and sometimes with [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]].
  
-When direct object is the reflexive pronoun //-îm// ("self") added to the verb as a clitic, it may be analyzed as //reflexive voice//. But because this term is uncommon this wiki will not use it.+When direct object is the reflexive pronoun //-îm// ("self") added to the verb as a clitic, it may be analyzed as //reflexive voice//. But because this term is uncommon this wiki will rarely use it.
 Example: Example:
 ^ Nûrlâm | tadoguzîm | ^ Nûrlâm | tadoguzîm |
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 ^ Translation | he killed himself | ^ Translation | he killed himself |
  
-//[[syntax_ergative#Antipassive_constructions|Antipassive voice]]// is used in archaic ergative constructions to avoid [[case_ergative|Ergative case]] (e.g. when subject is a personal pronoun). +Markers of grammatical voice do not have fixed position in Nûrlâm.
- +
-Therefore markers of grammatical voice do not have fixed position in Nûrlâm.+
  
 ---------------- ----------------
 ===== Mood ===== ===== Mood =====
-**//[[grammar_mood|Mood]]//** shows speaker/writer's attitude to the sentence they describe. It has strong connection to the [[syntax]] of language as the mood is usually expressed both with special grammatical forms, syntactical constructions and/or word order. **<del>See separate articles</del>**. Special grammatical forms include: declarative (tense and person markers), imperative (dictionary form, no markers), subjunctive (//-ulg// with no following markers), interrogative (//-mar-//). Grammatical mood is closely connected to [[modal verbs]], however Nûrlâm doesn't truly have them.+**//[[grammar_mood|Mood]]//** shows speaker/writer's attitude to the sentence they describe. It has strong connection to the [[syntax]] of language as the mood is usually expressed both with special grammatical forms, syntactical constructions and/or word order. Special grammatical forms include: [[mood_indicative|indicative]] (tense and person markers), [[mood_imperative|imperative]] (dictionary form, no markers), [[mood_subjunctive|subjunctive]] (//-ulg// with no following markers), [[mood_interrogative|interrogative]] (//-mar-//). Grammatical mood is closely connected to [[modal verbs]], however Nûrlâm doesn't truly have them.
  
 --------------------------- ---------------------------
 ===== Nonfinite forms ===== ===== Nonfinite forms =====
-Nonfinite forms of verb include [[grammar_infinitive|Infinitive]], [[grammar_participle|Participles]] and [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundive]] which can take various roles in the [[syntax|sentence]]. There is no such forms as Gerund (usually replaced by infinitive or noun) or Supin in Nûrlâm dialect. However Tolkien stated that  ending //-at// considered by researchers as infinitive is more like a participle, so it may be not a true infinitive, but some special nonfinite form of verb with functions of gerund, infinitive and present/future participle.+Tolkien stated that ending //-at// considered by early researchers as infinitive is in fact closer to a participle, so it may be not a true infinitive, but some special nonfinite form of verb with functions of gerund, infinitive of purpose and present/future participle. 
 + 
 +Nonfinite forms of Nûrlâm's verbs include [[grammar_infinitive|Infinitive]], [[grammar_participle|Participles]] and [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundive]] which can take various roles in the [[syntax|sentence]]. Nûrlâm has no such distinct forms as //Supin// or //Gerund// (usually replaced by infinitives or nouns with abstract suffix //-urm// or //-aut//, but gerundives may be translated back to English as gerund with preposition "for").
  
 +Gerundive, infinitive, participle and regular verb may compose one predicate: "The ring was created to make people obey" => "Nazgum kuzâ krampaga ikhat hai bûrtut". Where "was created" (= "kuzâ krampaga") is verb + participle, "to make" was translated with gerundive "ikhat" as it denotes purpose, and "obey" was translated with infinitive "bûrtut".
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 ===== Suffix chain ===== ===== Suffix chain =====
grammar_verb.1598634876.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:48 (external edit)
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