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grammar_verb [2020/06/12 13:11] – [Nonfinite forms] morgoth | grammar_verb [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| 4 (quadrivalent) | | 4 (quadrivalent) | ||
- | Unlike [[black_speech_dialects# | + | Unlike [[black_speech_dialects# |
- | Most verbs can change valency depending on situation. Compare "I eat" (1) with "I eat flesh" (2) and "I eat flesh with bare hands" (3). It may be hard to count valency for English-speakers as pronouns can be attached to the verb like in examples before (" | + | Some verbs have different forms for transitive and intransitive, |
+ | |||
+ | But majority of verbs can change valency depending on situation. Compare "I eat" (1) with "I eat flesh" (2) and "I eat flesh with bare hands" (3). It may be hard to count valency for English-speakers as pronouns can be attached to the verb like in examples before (" | ||
<WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
**Editor note**: it's not clear how to count valency when subject consists of many words like "me and my boys", " | **Editor note**: it's not clear how to count valency when subject consists of many words like "me and my boys", " | ||
</ | </ | ||
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The way of verb's inflection in person was changed through (internal) [[black_speech_evolution|history of language]], so better consult separate [[grammar_person|page on this topic]]. Below is the description of " | The way of verb's inflection in person was changed through (internal) [[black_speech_evolution|history of language]], so better consult separate [[grammar_person|page on this topic]]. Below is the description of " | ||
- | If subject is a personal pronoun then it's usually spelled with verb together in one word, so they may be treated as prefixes of person. Nouns and other types of pronouns belong to 3rd person, and their verb is marked with suffixes //-â// (singular) or //-û// (plural). So it can be said, that subject' | + | If subject is a [[pronouns# |
| Tark matâ | Human dies | | | Tark matâ | Human dies | | ||
| Tark matû | Humans die | | | Tark matû | Humans die | | ||
- | In some subdialects these suffixes may be used only with // | + | Suffix //-â// is often skipped when word " |
----------------- | ----------------- | ||
===== Tense ===== | ===== Tense ===== | ||
- | **// | + | **// |
^ Tense ^ Suffix ^ | ^ Tense ^ Suffix ^ | ||
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English Present Perfect is usually rendered as Past tense in Black Speech. Future Continuous is translated with special form ("to be" in future tense + infinitive). | English Present Perfect is usually rendered as Past tense in Black Speech. Future Continuous is translated with special form ("to be" in future tense + infinitive). | ||
+ | Suffix //-ulg// of Subjunctive mood may be treated as special Future-in-the-Past tense. | ||
------------------ | ------------------ | ||
===== Aspect ===== | ===== Aspect ===== | ||
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----------------- | ----------------- | ||
===== Voice ===== | ===== Voice ===== | ||
- | **// | + | **// |
- | When direct object is the reflexive pronoun //-îm// (" | + | When direct object is the reflexive pronoun //-îm// (" |
Example: | Example: | ||
^ Nûrlâm | tadoguzîm | | ^ Nûrlâm | tadoguzîm | | ||
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^ Translation | he killed himself | | ^ Translation | he killed himself | | ||
- | // | + | Markers |
- | + | ||
- | Therefore markers | + | |
---------------- | ---------------- | ||
===== Mood ===== | ===== Mood ===== | ||
- | **// | + | **// |
--------------------------- | --------------------------- | ||
===== Nonfinite forms ===== | ===== Nonfinite forms ===== | ||
- | Nonfinite forms of verb include [[grammar_infinitive|Infinitive]], | + | Tolkien stated that ending //-at// considered by early researchers as infinitive is in fact closer to a participle, so it may be not a true infinitive, but some special nonfinite form of verb with functions of gerund, infinitive of purpose and present/ |
+ | |||
+ | Nonfinite forms of Nûrlâm' | ||
+ | Gerundive, infinitive, participle and regular verb may compose one predicate: "The ring was created to make people obey" => " | ||
------------------------ | ------------------------ | ||
===== Suffix chain ===== | ===== Suffix chain ===== | ||
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{{page> | {{page> | ||
- | Negation, mood and derivational | + | Derivational suffixes in position 4 may be similar to suffixes of aspect or even be counted so, but verbs may have two aspect-like clitic adverbs, then more common ones go later in position 5. |
+ | Negation, mood and derivational | ||