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grammar_participle [2022/02/11 21:45] – [Examples of using] morgoth | grammar_participle [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| Present | | Present | ||
| Past\\ (Perfect) | -uga | -aga | | | Past\\ (Perfect) | -uga | -aga | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Participles agree with action of main verb in grammatical tense. If action described by the participle was finished before the main verb, then suffix of Perfect form is used; if it was simultaneous with main verb or continued after it; then present form of participle is used even if the verb itself is in past tense. | ||
Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]' | Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]' | ||
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In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root. | In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root. | ||
- | Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb# | + | Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb# |
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^ Predicative use ^^^ | ^ Predicative use ^^^ | ||
| Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now | | | Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now | | ||
- | | ::: | + | | ::: |
- | | Past Passive | + | | Past Passive |
- | | ::: | + | | ::: |
^ Adjectival use ^^^ | ^ Adjectival use ^^^ | ||
| Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen | | | Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen | |