This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
grammar_participle [2022/02/06 22:44] – morgoth | grammar_participle [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
====== Grammar of participles ====== | ====== Grammar of participles ====== | ||
- | **// | + | **// |
There are 4 grammatical forms of participles made by combination of [[grammar_tense|tense]] (Present and Past/ | There are 4 grammatical forms of participles made by combination of [[grammar_tense|tense]] (Present and Past/ | ||
Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
| Present | | Present | ||
| Past\\ (Perfect) | -uga | -aga | | | Past\\ (Perfect) | -uga | -aga | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Participles agree with action of main verb in grammatical tense. If action described by the participle was finished before the main verb, then suffix of Perfect form is used; if it was simultaneous with main verb or continued after it; then present form of participle is used even if the verb itself is in past tense. | ||
Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]' | Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]' | ||
Line 13: | Line 15: | ||
In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root. | In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root. | ||
- | Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb# | + | Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb# |
----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ||
Line 22: | Line 24: | ||
^ Predicative use ^^^ | ^ Predicative use ^^^ | ||
| Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now | | | Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now | | ||
- | | ::: | + | | ::: |
- | | Past Passive | + | | Past Passive |
- | | ::: | + | | ::: |
^ Adjectival use ^^^ | ^ Adjectival use ^^^ | ||
| Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen | | | Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen | | ||
Line 31: | Line 33: | ||
| ::: | Gund **ghîr__ag__** arnirzi golugob kâtû latu urun | Stones **being desired** by Elvish king lie under the mountain = The stones, that Elvish king desires, lie under the mountain | | | ::: | Gund **ghîr__ag__** arnirzi golugob kâtû latu urun | Stones **being desired** by Elvish king lie under the mountain = The stones, that Elvish king desires, lie under the mountain | | ||
| Past | Uruk **akr__uga__** mag kâtuzâ zîgin | There was lying a too much **drunk** orc | | | Past | Uruk **akr__uga__** mag kâtuzâ zîgin | There was lying a too much **drunk** orc | | ||
- | | ::: | Golugum **dog__uga__** mak maudakob kubâ dûmbat | The elf killed many (of) our warriors will be executed | | + | | ::: | Golugum **dog__uga__** mak maudakob kubâ dûmbat | The elf **killed** many (of) our warriors will be executed | |
| Past Passive | Shogurm **akr__aga__** thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr | | Past Passive | Shogurm **akr__aga__** thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr | ||
| ::: | Goi **dul__aga__** kubâ krutumbat | The **destroyed** city will be rebuilt = The city that was destroyed is to be rebuilt | | | ::: | Goi **dul__aga__** kubâ krutumbat | The **destroyed** city will be rebuilt = The city that was destroyed is to be rebuilt | | ||
Line 38: | Line 40: | ||
| ::: | Shor shîkuzâ **skoir__ug__** tala kîfum | Eagle shrieked **flying** over the nest | | | ::: | Shor shîkuzâ **skoir__ug__** tala kîfum | Eagle shrieked **flying** over the nest | | ||
| Present Passive | Uruk lashâ ash laush **dûmb__ag__** | Orc is singing a song **being executed** | | | Present Passive | Uruk lashâ ash laush **dûmb__ag__** | Orc is singing a song **being executed** | | ||
- | | ::: | Nazgum throgâ | + | | ::: | Nazgum throgâ |
| Past | Uruk lûmpuzâ **akr__uga__** mag | Orc fell **having drunk** too much | | | Past | Uruk lûmpuzâ **akr__uga__** mag | Orc fell **having drunk** too much | | ||
| ::: | Lûg bhanubâ tug **shad__uga__** za goi | Dragon will leave only **having destroyed** the city | | | ::: | Lûg bhanubâ tug **shad__uga__** za goi | Dragon will leave only **having destroyed** the city | |