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grammar_participle [2022/02/06 18:52] – morgothgrammar_participle [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Grammar of participles ====== ====== Grammar of participles ======
-<WRAP center round todo 60%> +**//Participle//** is one of nonfinite forms of [[grammar_verb|verbs]]. There are two basic types of participles in English (Participle I -- V<sub>ing</sub> and Participle II equal to 3rd verb form V<sub>3</sub>). But Participle I has additional forms (Present Passive, Perfect, Perfect Passive) expressed by auxiliary verbs //to have// and //to be// in required tenses. Older [[Black Speech dialects]] had the same principle of forming participles or denying them at all. For BlackSpeech.ru site new system was invented. Instead of auxiliary verbs every type of participle have got it's own suffix. But that system was inconsistent and still copying English grammar, that's why it was changed again for [[Nûrlâm]]. 
-<todo !>Make at least two examples of each use</todo> +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-Participle is one of nonfinite forms of [[grammar_verb|verbs]]. There are two basic types of participles in English (Participle I – V<sub>ing</sub> and Participle II equal to 3rd verb form V<sub>3</sub>). But Participle I has additional forms (Present Passive, Perfect, Perfect Passive) expressed by auxiliary verbs //to have// and //to be// in required tenses. Older [[Black Speech dialects]] had the same principle of forming participles or denying them at all. For BlackSpeech.ru site new system was invented. Instead of auxiliary verbs every type of participle have got it's own suffix. But that system was inconsistent and still copying English grammar, that's why it was changed again for [[Nûrlâm]]. +
  
 There are 4 grammatical forms of participles made by combination of [[grammar_tense|tense]] (Present and Past/Perfect) and [[grammar_voice|voice]] (Active and Passive). Each type of participles can be used in adjectival and adverbial phrase or clause. Each of 4 types has it's own suffix with tense marked differently from verbs, which is a feature of [[morphology#morphological_typology_of_nurlam|fusional language]].  There are 4 grammatical forms of participles made by combination of [[grammar_tense|tense]] (Present and Past/Perfect) and [[grammar_voice|voice]] (Active and Passive). Each type of participles can be used in adjectival and adverbial phrase or clause. Each of 4 types has it's own suffix with tense marked differently from verbs, which is a feature of [[morphology#morphological_typology_of_nurlam|fusional language]]. 
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 | Present          |  -ug     |  -ag      | | Present          |  -ug     |  -ag      |
 | Past\\ (Perfect) |  -uga    |  -aga     | | Past\\ (Perfect) |  -uga    |  -aga     |
 +
 +Participles agree with action of main verb in grammatical tense. If action described by the participle was finished before the main verb, then suffix of Perfect form is used; if it was simultaneous with main verb or continued after it; then present form of participle is used even if the verb itself is in past tense.
  
 Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]'s suffix is more like a participle, but given translation of //durbat// is "constraining", thus closer to //gerund//, see article [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for more information. Gerundive may be translated as future participle in languages which have it. Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]'s suffix is more like a participle, but given translation of //durbat// is "constraining", thus closer to //gerund//, see article [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for more information. Gerundive may be translated as future participle in languages which have it.
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 In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root. In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root.
  
-Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb#voice|voice]] (while others like [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]] and gerundives are limited). However they are not used for future passive - use gerundives instead.+Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb#voice|voice]] (while others like [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]] and gerundives are limited). However they are not used for future passive -- use gerundives instead.
  
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 ^  Predicative use  ^^^ ^  Predicative use  ^^^
 | Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now | | Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now |
-| :::             | Nagzum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__**     | The ring //is// **stolen**! | +| :::             | Nazgum //kuzâ// **orsk__ag__** shi fugh(tîl) | The ring //was// **being stolen** at (last) night | 
-| Past Passive    | Nazgum //kuzâ// **orsk__aga__** ârshik | The ring //was// **stolen** yesterday | +| Past Passive    | Nazgum //kuzâ// **orsk__aga__** ârshik | The ring //was// **stolen** yesterday((in this example passive verb should be used instead for better grammar: Nazgum orskâkuzâ ârshik)) | 
-| :::             | Nazgum //kuzâ// **orsk__aga__** shi fugh(tîl) | The ring //was// **being stolen** at (last) night |+| :::             | Nagzum //kulâ// **orsk__aga__**     | The ring //is// **stolen**! |
 ^  Adjectival use  ^^^ ^  Adjectival use  ^^^
 | Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen | | Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen |
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 | :::             | Gund **ghîr__ag__** arnirzi golugob kâtû latu urun | Stones **being desired** by Elvish king lie under the mountain = The stones, that Elvish king desires, lie under the mountain | | :::             | Gund **ghîr__ag__** arnirzi golugob kâtû latu urun | Stones **being desired** by Elvish king lie under the mountain = The stones, that Elvish king desires, lie under the mountain |
 | Past | Uruk **akr__uga__** mag kâtuzâ zîgin | There was lying a too much **drunk** orc | | Past | Uruk **akr__uga__** mag kâtuzâ zîgin | There was lying a too much **drunk** orc |
-| :::  | Golugum **dog__uga__** mak maudakob kubâ dûmbat | The elf killed many (of) our warriors will be executed |+| :::  | Golugum **dog__uga__** mak maudakob kubâ dûmbat | The elf **killed** many (of) our warriors will be executed |
 | Past Passive | Shogurm **akr__aga__** thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr  | The potion **been drunk** brought courage for the orcs | | Past Passive | Shogurm **akr__aga__** thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr  | The potion **been drunk** brought courage for the orcs |
 | :::          | Goi **dul__aga__** kubâ krutumbat | The **destroyed** city will be rebuilt = The city that was destroyed is to be rebuilt | | :::          | Goi **dul__aga__** kubâ krutumbat | The **destroyed** city will be rebuilt = The city that was destroyed is to be rebuilt |
 ^  Adverbial use  ^^^ ^  Adverbial use  ^^^
 | Present | Uruk ukhâ **lash__ug__** ash laush | Orc walks **singing** a song | | Present | Uruk ukhâ **lash__ug__** ash laush | Orc walks **singing** a song |
 +| :::     | Shor shîkuzâ **skoir__ug__** tala kîfum | Eagle shrieked **flying** over the nest |
 | Present Passive | Uruk lashâ ash laush **dûmb__ag__** | Orc is singing a song **being executed** | | Present Passive | Uruk lashâ ash laush **dûmb__ag__** | Orc is singing a song **being executed** |
 +| ::: | Nazgum throgâ narthakurm **tup__ag__** krûru | The ring grants invisibility **being put** on finger |
 | Past | Uruk lûmpuzâ **akr__uga__** mag | Orc fell **having drunk** too much | | Past | Uruk lûmpuzâ **akr__uga__** mag | Orc fell **having drunk** too much |
 +| :::  | Lûg bhanubâ tug **shad__uga__** za goi | Dragon will leave only **having destroyed** the city |
 | Past Passive | Shogurm thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr **akr__aga__** | The potion brought courage for the orcs **having been drunk** | | Past Passive | Shogurm thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr **akr__aga__** | The potion brought courage for the orcs **having been drunk** |
 +| :::  | Uruk lûmpâ la **ak__aga__** ash gothirzi | Orc is falling after **having been stabbed** by an enemy |
  
 Black Speech may lack many verbal adjectives in its lexicon, so active present participles are frequent. For example, use "pushdug" (stinking) instead of some translation of "stinky". Black Speech may lack many verbal adjectives in its lexicon, so active present participles are frequent. For example, use "pushdug" (stinking) instead of some translation of "stinky".
grammar_participle.1644162722.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:48 (external edit)
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