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grammar_participle [2022/02/06 15:00] – morgoth | grammar_participle [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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====== Grammar of participles ====== | ====== Grammar of participles ====== | ||
- | <WRAP center round todo 60%> | + | **// |
- | <todo !>Make at least two examples of each use</todo> | + | |
- | </WRAP> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Participle is one of nonfinite forms of [[grammar_verb|verbs]]. There are two basic types of participles in English (Participle I – V< | + | |
There are 4 grammatical forms of participles made by combination of [[grammar_tense|tense]] (Present and Past/ | There are 4 grammatical forms of participles made by combination of [[grammar_tense|tense]] (Present and Past/ | ||
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| Present | | Present | ||
| Past\\ (Perfect) | -uga | -aga | | | Past\\ (Perfect) | -uga | -aga | | ||
+ | |||
+ | Participles agree with action of main verb in grammatical tense. If action described by the participle was finished before the main verb, then suffix of Perfect form is used; if it was simultaneous with main verb or continued after it; then present form of participle is used even if the verb itself is in past tense. | ||
Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]' | Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]' | ||
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In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root. | In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root. | ||
- | Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb# | + | Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb# |
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^ Predicative use ^^^ | ^ Predicative use ^^^ | ||
| Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now | | | Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now | | ||
- | | ::: | + | | ::: |
- | | Past Passive | + | | Past Passive |
- | | ::: | + | | ::: |
^ Adjectival use ^^^ | ^ Adjectival use ^^^ | ||
| Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen | | | Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen | | ||
| ::: | Tanorkuz yakum urukob **mat__ug__** | He took the weapon of **dying** orc | | | ::: | Tanorkuz yakum urukob **mat__ug__** | He took the weapon of **dying** orc | | ||
| Present Passive | Nazgum **orsk__ag__** audâ Nazgûlûr | | Present Passive | Nazgum **orsk__ag__** audâ Nazgûlûr | ||
+ | | ::: | Gund **ghîr__ag__** arnirzi golugob kâtû latu urun | Stones **being desired** by Elvish king lie under the mountain = The stones, that Elvish king desires, lie under the mountain | | ||
| Past | Uruk **akr__uga__** mag kâtuzâ zîgin | There was lying a too much **drunk** orc | | | Past | Uruk **akr__uga__** mag kâtuzâ zîgin | There was lying a too much **drunk** orc | | ||
+ | | ::: | Golugum **dog__uga__** mak maudakob kubâ dûmbat | The elf **killed** many (of) our warriors will be executed | | ||
| Past Passive | Shogurm **akr__aga__** thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr | | Past Passive | Shogurm **akr__aga__** thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr | ||
+ | | ::: | Goi **dul__aga__** kubâ krutumbat | The **destroyed** city will be rebuilt = The city that was destroyed is to be rebuilt | | ||
^ Adverbial use ^^^ | ^ Adverbial use ^^^ | ||
| Present | Uruk ukhâ **lash__ug__** ash laush | Orc walks **singing** a song | | | Present | Uruk ukhâ **lash__ug__** ash laush | Orc walks **singing** a song | | ||
+ | | ::: | Shor shîkuzâ **skoir__ug__** tala kîfum | Eagle shrieked **flying** over the nest | | ||
| Present Passive | Uruk lashâ ash laush **dûmb__ag__** | Orc is singing a song **being executed** | | | Present Passive | Uruk lashâ ash laush **dûmb__ag__** | Orc is singing a song **being executed** | | ||
+ | | ::: | Nazgum throgâ narthakurm **tup__ag__** krûru | The ring grants invisibility **being put** on finger | | ||
| Past | Uruk lûmpuzâ **akr__uga__** mag | Orc fell **having drunk** too much | | | Past | Uruk lûmpuzâ **akr__uga__** mag | Orc fell **having drunk** too much | | ||
+ | | ::: | Lûg bhanubâ tug **shad__uga__** za goi | Dragon will leave only **having destroyed** the city | | ||
| Past Passive | Shogurm thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr **akr__aga__** | The potion brought courage for the orcs **having been drunk** | | | Past Passive | Shogurm thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr **akr__aga__** | The potion brought courage for the orcs **having been drunk** | | ||
+ | | ::: | Uruk lûmpâ la **ak__aga__** ash gothirzi | Orc is falling after **having been stabbed** by an enemy | | ||
Black Speech may lack many verbal adjectives in its lexicon, so active present participles are frequent. For example, use " | Black Speech may lack many verbal adjectives in its lexicon, so active present participles are frequent. For example, use " |