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grammar_participle [2022/02/10 14:06] – external edit 127.0.0.1grammar_participle [2022/04/25 13:31] – [Examples of using] morgoth
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 | Present          |  -ug     |  -ag      | | Present          |  -ug     |  -ag      |
 | Past\\ (Perfect) |  -uga    |  -aga     | | Past\\ (Perfect) |  -uga    |  -aga     |
 +
 +Participles agree with action of main verb in grammatical tense. If action described by the participle was finished before the main verb, then suffix of Perfect form is used; if it was simultaneous with main verb or continued after it; then present form of participle is used even if the verb itself is in past tense.
  
 Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]'s suffix is more like a participle, but given translation of //durbat// is "constraining", thus closer to //gerund//, see article [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for more information. Gerundive may be translated as future participle in languages which have it. Tolkien wrote that ending //-at// considered earlier an [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]]'s suffix is more like a participle, but given translation of //durbat// is "constraining", thus closer to //gerund//, see article [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] for more information. Gerundive may be translated as future participle in languages which have it.
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 In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root. In colloquial speech participles also have category of [[grammar_number|number]] expressed by the standard plural suffix. It's added according to rules for [[declension_classes|declension class]], after adding participle suffix to the verb root.
  
-Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb#voice|voice]] (while others like [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]] and gerundives are limited). However they are not used for future passive - use gerundives instead.+Participles is the main way to express passive [[grammar_verb#voice|voice]] (while others like [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]] and gerundives are limited). However they are not used for future passive -- use gerundives instead.
  
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 ^  Predicative use  ^^^ ^  Predicative use  ^^^
 | Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now | | Present Passive | Nazgum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__** zil | The ring //is// **being stolen** now |
-| :::             | Nagzum //kulâ// **orsk__ag__**     | The ring //is// **stolen**! | +| :::             | Nazgum //kuzâ// **orsk__ag__** shi fugh(tîl) | The ring //was// **being stolen** at (last) night | 
-| Past Passive    | Nazgum //kuzâ// **orsk__aga__** ârshik | The ring //was// **stolen** yesterday | +| Past Passive    | Nazgum //kuzâ// **orsk__aga__** ârshik | The ring //was// **stolen** yesterday((in this example passive verb should be used instead for better grammar: Nazgum orskâkuzâ ârshik)) | 
-| :::             | Nazgum //kuzâ// **orsk__aga__** shi fugh(tîl) | The ring //was// **being stolen** at (last) night |+| :::             | Nagzum //kulâ// **orsk__aga__**     | The ring //is// **stolen**! |
 ^  Adjectival use  ^^^ ^  Adjectival use  ^^^
 | Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen | | Present | Uruk **akr__ug__** mag lûmpuzâ | Orc **drinking** too much have fallen |
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 | :::             | Gund **ghîr__ag__** arnirzi golugob kâtû latu urun | Stones **being desired** by Elvish king lie under the mountain = The stones, that Elvish king desires, lie under the mountain | | :::             | Gund **ghîr__ag__** arnirzi golugob kâtû latu urun | Stones **being desired** by Elvish king lie under the mountain = The stones, that Elvish king desires, lie under the mountain |
 | Past | Uruk **akr__uga__** mag kâtuzâ zîgin | There was lying a too much **drunk** orc | | Past | Uruk **akr__uga__** mag kâtuzâ zîgin | There was lying a too much **drunk** orc |
-| :::  | Golugum **dog__uga__** mak maudakob kubâ dûmbat | The elf killed many (of) our warriors will be executed |+| :::  | Golugum **dog__uga__** mak maudakob kubâ dûmbat | The elf **killed** many (of) our warriors will be executed |
 | Past Passive | Shogurm **akr__aga__** thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr  | The potion **been drunk** brought courage for the orcs | | Past Passive | Shogurm **akr__aga__** thrakuzâ hûrurm urukûr  | The potion **been drunk** brought courage for the orcs |
 | :::          | Goi **dul__aga__** kubâ krutumbat | The **destroyed** city will be rebuilt = The city that was destroyed is to be rebuilt | | :::          | Goi **dul__aga__** kubâ krutumbat | The **destroyed** city will be rebuilt = The city that was destroyed is to be rebuilt |
grammar_participle.txt · Last modified: 2023/09/07 19:38 by 127.0.0.1
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