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grammar_noun [2020/09/15 15:21] – [Articles] morgoth | grammar_noun [2023/09/18 11:39] (current) – [Countable and uncountable nouns] morgoth | ||
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===== Declension class ===== | ===== Declension class ===== | ||
The basic grammatical category of nouns common for all [[Black Speech dialects]] is [[declension_classes|declension class]] which affects how majority additional suffixes are appended. However it's not fixed to the noun's root but every additional suffix depends on resulting declension class of previous one. The are only two declension classes with simple rule: all words ending with consonant belong to class I and words ending with vowel belong to class II. Diphthongs are treated as vowels and there are no words ending with semivowels (like //y//) attested. | The basic grammatical category of nouns common for all [[Black Speech dialects]] is [[declension_classes|declension class]] which affects how majority additional suffixes are appended. However it's not fixed to the noun's root but every additional suffix depends on resulting declension class of previous one. The are only two declension classes with simple rule: all words ending with consonant belong to class I and words ending with vowel belong to class II. Diphthongs are treated as vowels and there are no words ending with semivowels (like //y//) attested. | ||
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===== Number ===== | ===== Number ===== | ||
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There is no such grammatical category as // | There is no such grammatical category as // | ||
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+ | To clarify that noun is singular a particularizing suffix aka definite article may be used (see next chapter). | ||
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===== Articles ===== | ===== Articles ===== | ||
- | J.R.R. Tolkien treats //-um// as "a particularizing suffix or ' | + | J.R.R. Tolkien treats //-um// as "a particularizing suffix or ' |
Some other words have functions similar to articles. As nouns are considered plural by default, singular nouns are often preceded by the word "// | Some other words have functions similar to articles. As nouns are considered plural by default, singular nouns are often preceded by the word "// | ||
- | Any of aforementioned substitutes for articles may be used to distinguish nouns from other lexical categories with same stem and to clarify | + | Any of aforementioned substitutes for articles may be used to distinguish nouns from other lexical categories with same stem when [[zero-derivation]] is used. For example: "Blûz blûz__um__" |
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+ | Nûrlâm does not have any rules requiring articles with certain words (like some geographical names in English). | ||
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===== Animacy and Gender ===== | ===== Animacy and Gender ===== | ||
- | [[grammar_gender|Animacy and gender]] do not affect noun's grammar in classical | + | [[grammar_gender|Animacy and gender]] do not affect noun's grammar in Nûrlâm. So you don't have to memorize noun's gender like in German, Spanish or Russian. But in colloquial speech these categories have influence on [[pronouns]] replacing nouns. Animated nouns are masculine by default, but they can take feminine suffix //-niz// to specify the biological gender of creature. Unanimated nouns are considered neuter. Animacy has influence on forming plural number in Shadowlandian Black Speech but not in Nûrlâm. |
^ Word ^ Translation ^ Animacy | ^ Word ^ Translation ^ Animacy | ||
- | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Classical | + | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Standard |
| gund | stone | unanimated | //n// | ta | za | | | gund | stone | unanimated | //n// | ta | za | | ||
| hunk | hound | animated | | hunk | hound | animated | ||
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There are about 15 [[grammar_case|cases]] in Nûrlâm. However most of them are formed by clitic postpositions which are usually translated into English as prepositions. Case suffixes are affected by declension class of noun (including previous suffixes). | There are about 15 [[grammar_case|cases]] in Nûrlâm. However most of them are formed by clitic postpositions which are usually translated into English as prepositions. Case suffixes are affected by declension class of noun (including previous suffixes). | ||
{{page> | {{page> | ||
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===== Countable and uncountable nouns ===== | ===== Countable and uncountable nouns ===== | ||
- | While certain nouns are uncountable (usually liquids and names for various crafting material, as in English) and attaching numerals to them is an error (you cannot say "five water" | + | While certain nouns are uncountable (usually liquids and names for various crafting material, as in English) and attaching numerals |
==== Collective nouns ==== | ==== Collective nouns ==== | ||
- | Some noun may refer a group of objects or persons ("bar" = " | + | Some noun may refer a group of objects or persons ("barth" = " |
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