This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
grammar_mood [2022/11/07 00:59] – external edit 127.0.0.1 | grammar_mood [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Modal ^ Main ^ in dependent/ | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Modal ^ Main ^ in dependent/ | ||
^ Deontic (what should be ) |||||| | ^ Deontic (what should be ) |||||| | ||
- | | Comissive | promises and vows | - | FUT | - | I shall help you = | + | | Comissive | promises and vows | - | FUT | - | I shall help you = |
| ::: | ::: | ::: | any + INF | - | I have sworn to find the ring = Dagazduz gimb__ut__ nazgum | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | any + INF | - | I have sworn to find the ring = Dagazduz gimb__ut__ nazgum | | ||
- | | ::: | ::: | ::: | PRES | FUT | I will find the ring, I promise you = Dagimb__ub__ nazgum | + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | PRES | FUT | I will find the ring, I promise you = Dagimb__ub__ nazgum |
| ::: | threats | | ::: | threats | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | You will eat your own guts! = Fithrokh__ub__ hosh îmob | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | You will eat your own guts! = Fithrokh__ub__ hosh îmob | | ||
Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
| Hortative | encouragement or invitation to 2nd person (adhortative / dehortative) | gâkh.IMP / ilf.IMP (may) | INF | any | You might go with us, it will be fun! = __Gâkh__ fizûr ukh__ut__ daksha, kub glaz!((Please note transformation into impersonal sentence by putting " | | Hortative | encouragement or invitation to 2nd person (adhortative / dehortative) | gâkh.IMP / ilf.IMP (may) | INF | any | You might go with us, it will be fun! = __Gâkh__ fizûr ukh__ut__ daksha, kub glaz!((Please note transformation into impersonal sentence by putting " | ||
| ::: | Demanding, tenacious request (exhortative / inhortative)((may cognate with Necessitative modality, see below)). | maug.IMP (must, ought to, have to, shall, should) | INF | any | You should really go to that place! = __Maug__ ukh__ut__ fizûr zîginu | | | ::: | Demanding, tenacious request (exhortative / inhortative)((may cognate with Necessitative modality, see below)). | maug.IMP (must, ought to, have to, shall, should) | INF | any | You should really go to that place! = __Maug__ ukh__ut__ fizûr zîginu | | ||
- | | ::: | plea of absolute urgency (suprahortative / infrahortative)((may cognate with Imperative, see above)) | | IMP | any | Please help us! We are dying! = Bhokak | + | | ::: | plea of absolute urgency (suprahortative / infrahortative)((may cognate with Imperative, see above)) | | IMP | any | Please help us! We are dying! = Bhok dakûr |
- | | ::: | encourage or discourage targeted person(s) to do something together with the speaker (cohortative, | + | | ::: | encourage or discourage targeted person(s) to do something together with the speaker (cohortative, |
+ | | ::: | encouragement for regular action | ||
+ | | ::: | for future one-time action | ::: | GERV | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ __dak__ukh__at__! | | ||
+ | | ::: | ::: | ::: | 3PL=FUT | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ __dak__ukh__ub__! | | ||
| Jussive | order to 2nd person to allow, permit or forbid 3rd person to do something | dabh.IMP=3.OBJ (" | | Jussive | order to 2nd person to allow, permit or forbid 3rd person to do something | dabh.IMP=3.OBJ (" | ||
| ::: | ::: | gâkh.IMP | | 3=FUT | = " | | ::: | ::: | gâkh.IMP | | 3=FUT | = " | ||
Line 78: | Line 81: | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | They will have to go = Takbolk__ub__ ukh__ut__ | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | They will have to go = Takbolk__ub__ ukh__ut__ | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | I need to eat = Dabolk throkh__ut__ | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | I need to eat = Dabolk throkh__ut__ | | ||
- | | ::: | The same with [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]] and impersonal constructions (like " | + | | ::: | The same with [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]] and impersonal constructions (like " |
- | | ::: | Order or command was not directly from speaker but through some mediate person. Speaker did not issued the command, but only repeat order of 3rd person. Main sentence explains who gave the order using such verbs as " | + | | ::: | Order or command was not directly from speaker but through some mediate person. Speaker did not issued the command, but only repeat order of 3rd person. Main sentence explains who gave the order using such verbs as " |
| Volitive (desire, wishes and hope) |||||| | | Volitive (desire, wishes and hope) |||||| | ||
| Optative / Benedictive | wish somebody something | gâkh.IMP | IMP | | May the force be with you! = __Gâkh__ balum kul fisha | | | Optative / Benedictive | wish somebody something | gâkh.IMP | IMP | | May the force be with you! = __Gâkh__ balum kul fisha | | ||
Line 87: | Line 90: | ||
| Desiderative | wish something to happen | irm (wish) / hiz (want) / darb (expect, wait) / kulg (would like) in PRES or SJV | - | SJV | I wish my sword be here = Da __irm__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | | Desiderative | wish something to happen | irm (wish) / hiz (want) / darb (expect, wait) / kulg (would like) in PRES or SJV | - | SJV | I wish my sword be here = Da __irm__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | = Da __irmulg__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | = Da __irmulg__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | ||
- | | ::: | wish that somebody will do something, similar to Jussive but without obligation | ::: | ::: | gerundive | + | | ::: | wish that somebody will do something, similar to Jussive but without obligation | ::: | ::: | GERV | Master wants you to find the ring = Goth hiz__ât__af gimb__at__ nazgum | |
| ::: | wish action to happen, wish to be able to do an action | ::: | INF | - | I want (to go/be) out = Da__hiz__ ukh__ut__ lût | | | ::: | wish action to happen, wish to be able to do an action | ::: | INF | - | I want (to go/be) out = Da__hiz__ ukh__ut__ lût | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | He wants < | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | He wants < | ||
| ::: | the same as above but without using modal verbs | | SJV | - | I would drink! = Dashog__ulg__ | | | ::: | the same as above but without using modal verbs | | SJV | - | I would drink! = Dashog__ulg__ | | ||
| ::: | personal preference (English "I would rather", | | ::: | personal preference (English "I would rather", | ||
- | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentences and gerundive) | ::: | gerundive | + | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentences and gerundive) | ::: | GERV | - | For me it's better to go = Bhogar dazûr ukh__at__ | |
| ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To go is better for me = Ukh__ut__ __kulâ__ bhogar dazûr | | | ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To go is better for me = Ukh__ut__ __kulâ__ bhogar dazûr | | ||
| ::: | advice, action is desirable for speaker or target object (similar to Hortative modality) in current circumstances (English "had better" | | ::: | advice, action is desirable for speaker or target object (similar to Hortative modality) in current circumstances (English "had better" | ||
- | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentence and gerundive) | - | gerundive | + | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentence and gerundive) | - | GERV | - | It's better for you to run away now = Bhogar fizûr irz__at__ zil | |
| ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To run away now is better for you = Irz__ut__ zil __kulâ__ bhogar fizûr | | | ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To run away now is better for you = Irz__ut__ zil __kulâ__ bhogar fizûr | | ||
| ::: | hope, fear, dream of something to happen | - | khard.PRES (hope) | any | I hope you will find the ring = Dakhard figimb__ub__ nazgum | | | ::: | hope, fear, dream of something to happen | - | khard.PRES (hope) | any | I hope you will find the ring = Dakhard figimb__ub__ nazgum | | ||
Line 156: | Line 159: | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I had a dragon, I would fight against Balrog = Ghung dabrus__ulg__ ash lûg, damauk__ulg__ bug Balrog | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I had a dragon, I would fight against Balrog = Ghung dabrus__ulg__ ash lûg, damauk__ulg__ bug Balrog | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Had I seen a trap, I would had alerted you = Ghung dahon__ulg__ ash hnûf, darazg__ulg__am | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Had I seen a trap, I would had alerted you = Ghung dahon__ulg__ ash hnûf, darazg__ulg__am | | ||
- | | ::: | counterfactual, | + | | ::: | counterfactual, |
---------------------- | ---------------------- |