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--- grammar_mood [2022/04/28 13:49] – Hortative: added "may" (ilf-) morgoth
+++ grammar_mood [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ==== Subjunctive ====
-**//[[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive mood]]//** is used to express various epistemic and desiderative moods. It is formed by adding suffix //-ulg// in place of suffixes of tense. In analytic form of colloquial speech auxiliary verb //kulg// placed before main verb in Past tense or other modal verb in past tense together with //kulg// and main verb in infinitive. Abbreviated as SJV.
+**//[[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive mood]]//** (abbreviated as SJV) is used to express various epistemic and desiderative moods. It is formed by adding suffix //-ulg// in place of suffixes of tense. Third person suffixes (â/û) are not used with Subjunctive. In [[syntax_analytic|analytic]] form of colloquial speech auxiliary verb //kulg// placed before main verb in Past tense or other modal verb in past tense together with //kulg// and main verb in infinitive. In analogy with English and because of similarity of adjacent consonants, "I would..." = "I'd ..." in colloquial analytical Nûrlâm is often shortened to "Izg'ulg ..." instead of "Izg kulg...".
 ==== Interrogative mood ====
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 ^ :::      ^ :::         ^ Modal ^ Main ^ in dependent/\\ conditional clause ^ ::: ^
 ^  Deontic (what should be )  ||||||
-| Comissive | promises and vows | -   | FUT        | -      | I shall help you = Dabhok__ub__am |
+| Comissive | promises and vows | -   | FUT        | -      | I shall help you = Dabhok__ub__ fizûr |
 | :::       | :::      | ::: | any + INF | -   | I have sworn to find the ring = Dagazduz gimb__ut__ nazgum |
-| :::       | :::      | ::: | PRES       | FUT | I will find the ring, I promise you = Dagimb__ub__ nazgum dafadam |
+| :::       | :::      | ::: | PRES       | FUT | I will find the ring, I promise you = Dagimb__ub__ nazgum dafad fizûr |
 | :::       | threats  | ::: | FUT        | -      | I will kill you! = Dadog__ub__am |
 | :::       | :::      | ::: | :::           | :::    | You will eat your own guts! = Fithrokh__ub__ hosh îmob |
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 | Hortative | encouragement or invitation to 2nd person (adhortative / dehortative) | gâkh.IMP / ilf.IMP (may) | INF | any | You might go with us, it will be fun! = __Gâkh__ fizûr ukh__ut__ daksha, kub glaz!((Please note transformation into impersonal sentence by putting "you" = "fi" into dative case)) |
 | ::: | Demanding, tenacious request (exhortative / inhortative)((may cognate with Necessitative modality, see below)). | maug.IMP (must, ought to, have to, shall, should) | INF | any | You should really go to that place! = __Maug__ ukh__ut__ fizûr zîginu |
-| ::: | plea of absolute urgency (suprahortative / infrahortative)((may cognate with Imperative, see above)) | | IMP | any | Please help us! We are dying! = Bhokak dahas! Dakmatrad! ((lit. "Help us, I plead! We are dying now!")) |
+| ::: | plea of absolute urgency (suprahortative / infrahortative)((may cognate with Imperative, see above)) | | IMP | any | Please help us! We are dying! = Bhok dakûr dahas! Dakmatrad! ((lit. "Help to us, I plead! We are dying now!")) |
-| ::: | encourage or discourage targeted person(s) to do something together with the speaker (cohortative, propositive), usually starts with //gâkh// ("let's", "let us") | gâkh.IMP | INF | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ ukh__ut__! |
+| ::: | encourage or discourage targeted person(s) to do something together with the speaker (cohortative, propositive), usually starts with //gâkh// ("let's", "let us"): | | | | |
+| ::: | encouragement for regular action | gâkh.IMP | INF | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ ukh__ut__! |
+| ::: | for future one-time action | ::: | GERV | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ __dak__ukh__at__! |
+| ::: | ::: | ::: | 3PL=FUT | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ __dak__ukh__ub__! |
 | Jussive | order to 2nd person to allow, permit or forbid 3rd person to do something | dabh.IMP=3.OBJ ("let") | INF | - | Let him come in = __Dabhan__ shisk__ut__ |
 | ::: | ::: | gâkh.IMP | | 3=FUT | = "__Gâkh__ __ta__shisk__ub__" = lit. "Let's he will enter" |
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 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | They will have to go = Takbolk__ub__ ukh__ut__ |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | I need to eat = Dabolk throkh__ut__ |
-| ::: | The same with [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]] and impersonal constructions (like "it's necessary", "it's important" and others) instead of modal verbs, more laconical way | | gerundive | | It's important that orcs capture these hobbits = Hormarz dik__at__ kudugza urukirzi((lit. "Importantly these hobbits to be captured by orcs")) |
+| ::: | The same with [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]] and impersonal constructions (like "it's necessary", "it's important" and others) instead of modal verbs, more laconical way | | GERV | | It's important that orcs capture these hobbits = Hormarz dik__at__ kudugza urukirzi((lit. "Importantly these hobbits to be captured by orcs")) |
-| ::: | Order or command was not directly from speaker but through some mediate person. Speaker did not issued the command, but only repeat order of 3rd person. Main sentence explains who gave the order using such verbs as "command", "order", "demand", "insist", "request", "recommend", "propose", "suggest", "expect". Similar to Desiderative, but with sense of obligation like Imperative, and explicit using of objective "you" (//af//, //am//) | | any | gerundive | Morgoth demands that you were there by next morning = Morgoth thukhulâtaf __kulat__ zîgin ik ânshabirzi((Morgoth over-request=2PL.OBJ be.GERV there before morning=next=by)) |
+| ::: | Order or command was not directly from speaker but through some mediate person. Speaker did not issued the command, but only repeat order of 3rd person. Main sentence explains who gave the order using such verbs as "command", "order", "demand", "insist", "request", "recommend", "propose", "suggest", "expect". Similar to Desiderative, but with sense of obligation like Imperative, and explicit using of objective "you" (//af//, //am//) | | any | GERV | Morgoth demands that you were there by next morning = Morgoth thukhûlâtaf __kulat__ zîgin ik ânshabirzi((Morgoth over-request=2PL.OBJ be.GERV there before morning=next=by)) |
 |  Volitive (desire, wishes and hope)  ||||||
 | Optative / Benedictive | wish somebody something | gâkh.IMP | IMP | | May the force be with you! = __Gâkh__ balum kul fisha |
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 | Desiderative | wish something to happen | irm (wish) / hiz (want) / darb (expect, wait) / kulg (would like) in PRES or SJV | - | SJV | I wish my sword be here = Da __irm__ lagdab __kulg__ zin |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | = Da __irmulg__ lagdab __kulg__ zin |
-| ::: | wish that somebody will do something, similar to Jussive but without obligation | ::: | ::: | gerundive | Master wants you to find the ring = Goth hiz__ât__af gimb__at__ nazgum |
+| ::: | wish that somebody will do something, similar to Jussive but without obligation | ::: | ::: | GERV | Master wants you to find the ring = Goth hiz__ât__af gimb__at__ nazgum |
 | ::: | wish action to happen, wish to be able to do an action | ::: | INF | - | I want (to go/be) out = Da__hiz__ ukh__ut__ lût |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | He wants <del>to</del> fly = Ta__hiz__ skoir__ut__ |
 | ::: | the same as above but without using modal verbs | | SJV | - | I would drink! = Dashog__ulg__ |
 | ::: | personal preference (English "I would rather", "I would prefer") | ::: | SJV | - | I would rather go = Da ukh__ulg__ hîsar |
-| ::: | (the same with impersonal sentences and gerundive) | ::: | gerundive | - | For me it's better to go = Bhogar dazûr ukh__at__ |
+| ::: | (the same with impersonal sentences and gerundive) | ::: | GERV | - | For me it's better to go = Bhogar dazûr ukh__at__ |
 | ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To go is better for me = Ukh__ut__ __kulâ__ bhogar dazûr |
 | ::: | advice, action is desirable for speaker or target object (similar to Hortative modality) in current circumstances (English "had better") | maug.PRES (should) | INF | ::: | You had better run away now = Fi__maug__ irz__ut__ zil |
-| ::: | (the same with impersonal sentence and gerundive) | - | gerundive | - | It's better for you to run away now = Bhogar fizûr irz__at__ zil |
+| ::: | (the same with impersonal sentence and gerundive) | - | GERV | - | It's better for you to run away now = Bhogar fizûr irz__at__ zil |
 | ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To run away now is better for you = Irz__ut__ zil __kulâ__ bhogar fizûr |
 | ::: | hope, fear, dream of something to happen | - | khard.PRES (hope) | any | I hope you will find the ring = Dakhard figimb__ub__ nazgum |
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 | Hypothetical | Action already could/should (not) be done. Similar to Conditional-Counterfactual (see below) but condition itself is not presented inside same compound sentence | pâsh (can) / ilf (may) / kul (be) in SJV | INF | | You could kill me! = Fi__pâshulg__ dog__ut__iz |
 | ::: | ::: | | SJV | | I would have alerted you (if haven't already missed an opportunity) = Darazg__ulg__am |
-| Speculative | In contrast to Assumptive modality, speaker has no evidence or prerequisites for his statement. Similar to Hypothetical and Conditional-Counterfactual. | pâsh (can) / ilf (may) / kul (be) in SJV | INF | | The hobbits could stole it! = Kudug __pâshulg__û orsk__ut__an |
+| Speculative | In contrast to Assumptive modality, speaker has no evidence or prerequisites for his statement. Similar to Hypothetical and Conditional-Counterfactual. | pâsh (can) / ilf (may) / kul (be) in SJV | INF | | The hobbits could stole it! = Kudug __pâshulg__ orsk__ut__an |
 | [[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive]] | In simple clauses without modal verbs. Similar to hypothetical and conditional-counterfactual. Similar to expression "(one) want (do something)" but indicates that something prevents / prevented the wish from happening (see Desiderative modalities). | | (any) | SJV | I would drink = Dashog__ulg__ |
-| ::: | In dependent clauses in combination with other modalities (e.g. presumptive), usually after conjunctions "so that", "in order that" or just "that". Also in conditional sentences (see Conditional modality) | | ::: | ::: | I suppose that orcs won = Daton zamash uruk faik__ulg__û |
+| ::: | In dependent clauses in combination with other modalities (e.g. presumptive), usually after conjunctions "so that", "in order that" or just "that". Also in conditional sentences (see Conditional modality) | | ::: | ::: | I suppose that orcs won = Daton zamash uruk faik__ulg__ |
 | ::: | In comparisons (as if, like) | | ::: | ::: | You speak so as if I did something wrong = Figashn zash ghung dakramp__ulg__ ashmûd firk |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Dragon looked at hobbit like he were going to eat him = Lûg honuzâ kudugu oth tapant__ulg__ thrakutan |
@@ Line 156: / Line 159: @@
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I had a dragon, I would fight against Balrog = Ghung dabrus__ulg__ ash lûg, damauk__ulg__ bug Balrog |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Had I seen a trap, I would had alerted you = Ghung dahon__ulg__ ash hnûf, darazg__ulg__am |
-| ::: | counterfactual, used to translate expressions like "If I were you" (or someone were someone else) | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I were goblin, I would run from Balrog = Ghung da__kulg__ ash uruk, da irz__ulg__ Balrogbo |
+| ::: | counterfactual, used to translate expressions like "If I were you" (or someone were someone else), object in conditional clause should be in Essive case | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I were goblin, I would run from Balrog = Ghung da__kulg__ ash uruksi, da irz__ulg__ Balrogbo |
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