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grammar_mood [2022/03/02 23:19] – [Chart of irrealis verb forms] morgoth | grammar_mood [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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==== Subjunctive ==== | ==== Subjunctive ==== | ||
- | **// | + | **// |
==== Interrogative mood ==== | ==== Interrogative mood ==== | ||
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^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Modal ^ Main ^ in dependent/ | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Modal ^ Main ^ in dependent/ | ||
^ Deontic (what should be ) |||||| | ^ Deontic (what should be ) |||||| | ||
- | | Comissive | promises and vows | - | FUT | - | I shall help you = | + | | Comissive | promises and vows | - | FUT | - | I shall help you = |
| ::: | ::: | ::: | any + INF | - | I have sworn to find the ring = Dagazduz gimb__ut__ nazgum | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | any + INF | - | I have sworn to find the ring = Dagazduz gimb__ut__ nazgum | | ||
- | | ::: | ::: | ::: | PRES | FUT | I will find the ring, I promise you = Dagimb__ub__ nazgum | + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | PRES | FUT | I will find the ring, I promise you = Dagimb__ub__ nazgum |
| ::: | threats | | ::: | threats | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | You will eat your own guts! = Fithrokh__ub__ hosh îmob | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | You will eat your own guts! = Fithrokh__ub__ hosh îmob | | ||
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| [[mood_imperative|Imperative]] | order, command, prohibition to 2nd person | - | IMP | - | Come! = Skât! | | | [[mood_imperative|Imperative]] | order, command, prohibition to 2nd person | - | IMP | - | Come! = Skât! | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Do not touch it! = Nargrauran | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Do not touch it! = Nargrauran | | ||
- | | Hortative | encouragement or invitation to 2nd person (adhortative / dehortative) | gâkh.IMP | INF | any | You might go with us, it will be fun! = __Gâkh__ fizûr ukh__ut__ daksha, kub glaz!((Please note transformation into impersonal sentence by putting " | + | | Hortative | encouragement or invitation to 2nd person (adhortative / dehortative) | gâkh.IMP |
| ::: | Demanding, tenacious request (exhortative / inhortative)((may cognate with Necessitative modality, see below)). | maug.IMP (must, ought to, have to, shall, should) | INF | any | You should really go to that place! = __Maug__ ukh__ut__ fizûr zîginu | | | ::: | Demanding, tenacious request (exhortative / inhortative)((may cognate with Necessitative modality, see below)). | maug.IMP (must, ought to, have to, shall, should) | INF | any | You should really go to that place! = __Maug__ ukh__ut__ fizûr zîginu | | ||
- | | ::: | plea of absolute urgency (suprahortative / infrahortative)((may cognate with Imperative, see above)) | | IMP | any | Please help us! We are dying! = Bhokak | + | | ::: | plea of absolute urgency (suprahortative / infrahortative)((may cognate with Imperative, see above)) | | IMP | any | Please help us! We are dying! = Bhok dakûr |
- | | ::: | encourage or discourage targeted person(s) to do something together with the speaker (cohortative, | + | | ::: | encourage or discourage targeted person(s) to do something together with the speaker (cohortative, |
+ | | ::: | encouragement for regular action | ||
+ | | ::: | for future one-time action | ::: | GERV | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ __dak__ukh__at__! | | ||
+ | | ::: | ::: | ::: | 3PL=FUT | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ __dak__ukh__ub__! | | ||
| Jussive | order to 2nd person to allow, permit or forbid 3rd person to do something | dabh.IMP=3.OBJ (" | | Jussive | order to 2nd person to allow, permit or forbid 3rd person to do something | dabh.IMP=3.OBJ (" | ||
| ::: | ::: | gâkh.IMP | | 3=FUT | = " | | ::: | ::: | gâkh.IMP | | 3=FUT | = " | ||
- | | ::: | Order or command was not direct but through some mediate person. Speaker did not issued the command, but only repeat order of 3rd person. Main sentence explains who gave the order using such verbs as " | ||
| Precative | polite request, similar to Jussive but allowance for 1st person (speaker) instead of 3rd person | dabh.IMP=1.OBJ (let) | INF | - | Let us come in (please) = __Dabhak__ shisk__ut__ (dahas) | | | Precative | polite request, similar to Jussive but allowance for 1st person (speaker) instead of 3rd person | dabh.IMP=1.OBJ (let) | INF | - | Let us come in (please) = __Dabhak__ shisk__ut__ (dahas) | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Let me interrupt you = __Dabhiz__ rishot__ut__am | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Let me interrupt you = __Dabhiz__ rishot__ut__am | | ||
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| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | They will have to go = Takbolk__ub__ ukh__ut__ | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | They will have to go = Takbolk__ub__ ukh__ut__ | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | I need to eat = Dabolk throkh__ut__ | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | I need to eat = Dabolk throkh__ut__ | | ||
- | | ::: | The same with [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]] and impersonal constructions (like " | + | | ::: | The same with [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]] and impersonal constructions (like " |
+ | | ::: | Order or command was not directly from speaker but through some mediate person. Speaker did not issued the command, but only repeat order of 3rd person. Main sentence explains who gave the order using such verbs as " | ||
| Volitive (desire, wishes and hope) |||||| | | Volitive (desire, wishes and hope) |||||| | ||
| Optative / Benedictive | wish somebody something | gâkh.IMP | IMP | | May the force be with you! = __Gâkh__ balum kul fisha | | | Optative / Benedictive | wish somebody something | gâkh.IMP | IMP | | May the force be with you! = __Gâkh__ balum kul fisha | | ||
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| Desiderative | wish something to happen | irm (wish) / hiz (want) / darb (expect, wait) / kulg (would like) in PRES or SJV | - | SJV | I wish my sword be here = Da __irm__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | | Desiderative | wish something to happen | irm (wish) / hiz (want) / darb (expect, wait) / kulg (would like) in PRES or SJV | - | SJV | I wish my sword be here = Da __irm__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | = Da __irmulg__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | = Da __irmulg__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | ||
- | | ::: | wish that somebody will do something, similar to Jussive but without obligation | ::: | ::: | gerundive | + | | ::: | wish that somebody will do something, similar to Jussive but without obligation | ::: | ::: | GERV | Master wants you to find the ring = Goth hiz__ât__af gimb__at__ nazgum | |
| ::: | wish action to happen, wish to be able to do an action | ::: | INF | - | I want (to go/be) out = Da__hiz__ ukh__ut__ lût | | | ::: | wish action to happen, wish to be able to do an action | ::: | INF | - | I want (to go/be) out = Da__hiz__ ukh__ut__ lût | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | He wants < | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | He wants < | ||
| ::: | the same as above but without using modal verbs | | SJV | - | I would drink! = Dashog__ulg__ | | | ::: | the same as above but without using modal verbs | | SJV | - | I would drink! = Dashog__ulg__ | | ||
| ::: | personal preference (English "I would rather", | | ::: | personal preference (English "I would rather", | ||
- | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentences and gerundive) | ::: | gerundive | + | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentences and gerundive) | ::: | GERV | - | For me it's better to go = Bhogar dazûr ukh__at__ | |
| ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To go is better for me = Ukh__ut__ __kulâ__ bhogar dazûr | | | ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To go is better for me = Ukh__ut__ __kulâ__ bhogar dazûr | | ||
| ::: | advice, action is desirable for speaker or target object (similar to Hortative modality) in current circumstances (English "had better" | | ::: | advice, action is desirable for speaker or target object (similar to Hortative modality) in current circumstances (English "had better" | ||
- | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentence and gerundive) | - | gerundive | + | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentence and gerundive) | - | GERV | - | It's better for you to run away now = Bhogar fizûr irz__at__ zil | |
| ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To run away now is better for you = Irz__ut__ zil __kulâ__ bhogar fizûr | | | ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To run away now is better for you = Irz__ut__ zil __kulâ__ bhogar fizûr | | ||
- | | ::: | hope, fear, dream of something to happen | - | khard.PRES (hope) | FUT | I hope you will find the ring = Dakhard figimb__ub__ nazgum | | + | | ::: | hope, fear, dream of something to happen | - | khard.PRES (hope) | any | I hope you will find the ring = Dakhard figimb__ub__ nazgum | |
- | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ufur.PRES (fear) | ::: | I fear they will find my ring = Da ufur tak gimb__ub__ nazgumdab | | + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | furg.PRES (fear) | ::: | I fear they will find my ring = Dafurg |
| ::: | ::: | ::: | khard.PRES (hope), taur.PRES (dream) | SJV | Balrog dreams that rain would stop = Balrog taurâ zamal miz puzg__ulg__ | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | khard.PRES (hope), taur.PRES (dream) | SJV | Balrog dreams that rain would stop = Balrog taurâ zamal miz puzg__ulg__ | | ||
| ::: | impersonal desire for something to happen or somebody to do an action((may be treated as Conditional/ | | ::: | impersonal desire for something to happen or somebody to do an action((may be treated as Conditional/ | ||
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| Hypothetical | Action already could/ | | Hypothetical | Action already could/ | ||
| ::: | ::: | | SJV | | I would have alerted you (if haven' | | ::: | ::: | | SJV | | I would have alerted you (if haven' | ||
- | | Speculative | In contrast to Assumptive modality, speaker has no evidence or prerequisites for his statement. Similar to Hypothetical and Conditional-Counterfactual. | pâsh (can) / ilf (may) / kul (be) in SJV | INF | | The hobbits could stole it! = Kudug __pâshulg__û | + | | Speculative | In contrast to Assumptive modality, speaker has no evidence or prerequisites for his statement. Similar to Hypothetical and Conditional-Counterfactual. | pâsh (can) / ilf (may) / kul (be) in SJV | INF | | The hobbits could stole it! = Kudug __pâshulg__ |
| [[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive]] | In simple clauses without modal verbs. Similar to hypothetical and conditional-counterfactual. Similar to expression "(one) want (do something)" | | [[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive]] | In simple clauses without modal verbs. Similar to hypothetical and conditional-counterfactual. Similar to expression "(one) want (do something)" | ||
- | | ::: | In dependent clauses in combination with other modalities (e.g. presumptive), | + | | ::: | In dependent clauses in combination with other modalities (e.g. presumptive), |
| ::: | In comparisons (as if, like) | | ::: | ::: | You speak so as if I did something wrong = Figashn zash ghung dakramp__ulg__ ashmûd firk | | | ::: | In comparisons (as if, like) | | ::: | ::: | You speak so as if I did something wrong = Figashn zash ghung dakramp__ulg__ ashmûd firk | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Dragon looked at hobbit like he were going to eat him = Lûg honuzâ kudugu oth tapant__ulg__ thrakutan | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Dragon looked at hobbit like he were going to eat him = Lûg honuzâ kudugu oth tapant__ulg__ thrakutan | | ||
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| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I had a dragon, I would fight against Balrog = Ghung dabrus__ulg__ ash lûg, damauk__ulg__ bug Balrog | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I had a dragon, I would fight against Balrog = Ghung dabrus__ulg__ ash lûg, damauk__ulg__ bug Balrog | | ||
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Had I seen a trap, I would had alerted you = Ghung dahon__ulg__ ash hnûf, darazg__ulg__am | | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Had I seen a trap, I would had alerted you = Ghung dahon__ulg__ ash hnûf, darazg__ulg__am | | ||
- | | ::: | counterfactual, | + | | ::: | counterfactual, |
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