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--- grammar_infinitive [2021/02/07 23:21] – [Infinitive] morgoth
+++ grammar_infinitive [2022/09/19 14:34] – [Infinitive] morgoth
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-<WRAP center round important 60%><todo>Expand the article</todo>\\ <todo>Add examples</todo></WRAP>
 ====== Infinitive ======
 **//Infinitive//** is the //nonfinite// form of [[grammar_verb|verb]], which means that it doesn't require subject or object (but may have).
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 For many years in various [[black_speech_dialects|Neo Black Speech dialects]] suffix //-at// was used for infinitives, taken from literal translation of [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]]. But on year 2007 in the issue 17 of journal "Parma Eldalamberon" it's  analysis by J.R.R. Tolkien himself was published. And there was stated that //-at// was suffix of some sort of participle, but with another translation into gerund. So it resembles Latin's [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundive]].
-In [[Nûrlâm]] there is only one form of infinitive, which is formed by adding suffix //-ut// to the verb's stem. Some [[modal verbs]], such as "maug" (must) or "gâkh" (may), do not have infinitive form.
+In [[Nûrlâm]] there is only one form of infinitive, which is formed by adding suffix //-ut// to the verb's stem. Some [[modal verbs]], such as "maug" (must) or "gâkh" (may), do not have infinitive form. Additional forms of English Infinitive (passive, perfect, progressive) are technically a clauses with auxiliary verbs and infinitives, and being translated as such. Moreover such complex forms of infinitive usually express some irrealis (not indicative) [[grammar_mood|modalities]] or used together with [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal]] [[syntax_parenthesis|parenthesis]] which may be transformed into more simple form with relative clauses. However suffixes of aspect may be added in Nûrlâm (for example //-ûk//, thus resembling active perfect infinitive), and simple passive infinitive may be expressed with gerundive. Examples:
+  * "He seems to have done his job" = "It seems, he have done his job" => "Bozdâ takrampuz bul takob" (infinitive is not used at all in Nûrlâm)
+  * "He appears to have reported already" = "It turned out that he have reported already" => "Thakuzâtûk zamash tagauthuz dok" (again, no infinitive);
+  * "Orc was glad to have killed elves before" => "Ash uruk kuz glaz dog__ut__ûk golug dok"; but for better clarity it's better render the phrase as "Orc was glad that he killed elves before" => "Ash uruk kuz glaz zamash tadoguz golug dok";
+  * "I expect this job to be done tomorrow" => "Dadarb za bul kulâ krampat ârshab" (Nûrlâm uses gerundive instead of infinitive to show passive meaning)
-Infinitive may take almost any role in the sentence:
+The role of infinitives in the sentence are restricted to:
-  * Part of complex [[syntax_predicate|predicate]] (predicative): **(<todo>example needed</todo>)**;
+  * Part of complex [[syntax_predicate|predicate]] (predicative): "I __like to kill__ elves" = "Da__brogb dogut__ golughai";
-  * [[syntax_subject|Subject]]: <wrap hi>**(<todo>example needed</todo>)**</wrap>;
+  * [[syntax_subject|Subject]] (counted as 3rd person singular): "__To live__ is to die" = "__Kîbut__ kulâ matut", "__To spare__ an enemy is not proper orcish behavior" = "__Kaskut__ ash goth kulâ narthan okturm urukhaib";
-  * [[syntax_object|Object]]: <wrap hi>**(<todo>example needed</todo>)**</wrap>;
+  * [[syntax_object|Object]]: "To live is __to die__" = "Kîbut kulâ __matut__";
-  * [[syntax_determiner|Modifier]]: <wrap hi>**(<todo>example needed</todo>)**</wrap>; <wrap hi><wrap em><todo>probably to be prohibited in favor of gerundive</todo></wrap></wrap>;
-  * [[syntax_adverbials|Adverbial]] (in order to): <wrap hi>**(<todo>example needed</todo>)**</wrap>; <wrap hi><wrap em><todo>probably to be prohibited in favor of gerundive</todo></wrap></wrap>;
-  * in questions after "Why": <wrap hi>**(<todo>example needed</todo>)**</wrap>
-Infinitive is rarely used in Nûrlâm as modifier or adverbial, as the [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundive]] is often used instead (as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]]). Infinitive can take other words to form a non-finite clause. Pronominal objective suffixes can be attached to infinitives, the same way as to gerundives in Ring Inscription (e.g. //krimputul// = to bind them).
+Infinitive is rarely used in Nûrlâm as modifier, adverbial and after verb "to be", as the [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundive]] should be used instead (as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]]). Infinitive in Nûrlâm may replace English gerund (despite the term "gerundive" seeming similar). Infinitive can take other words to form a non-finite clause. Pronominal objective suffixes can be attached to infinitives, the same way as to gerundives in Ring Inscription (e.g. //krimputul// = to bind them). When used as object, infinitive may be joined by the postposition; in that case, it is written separately after the infinitive.
-Additional forms of English Infinitive (passive, perfect, progressive) are technically a clauses with auxiliary verbs and infinitives, and being translated as such. However simple passive infinitive may be expressed with gerundive.
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 ===== Infinitive in Colloquial Speech =====
 Nûrlâm's author suggests the reason of adopting gerundive suffix //-at// for infinitive in late [[black_speech_dialects|orcish dialects]] (as Svartiska or Shadowlandian). Because of similarity gerundives and infinitives were often interchangeable in colloquial speech. As gerundives were used more frequently, in Modern Nûrlâm infinitives took gerundive's ending //-at// and its functions, but combined grammatical form is called infinitive.
+--------------------------------------------------
+===== Infinitive vs. Gerundive summary table =====
+Here is comparison chart summarizing distinctions between Infinitive and Gerundive:
+{{page>include:Infinitive_vs_Gerundive}}
 ------------------
 ==== See also ====
   - Black Speech at [[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noir_parler|French Wikipedia]]

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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