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--- grammar_gerundive [2022/02/10 13:15] – [Gerundive] morgoth
+++ grammar_gerundive [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-<WRAP center round important 60%><todo !!>Examples needed</todo></WRAP>
 ====== Gerundive ======
 For many years in various [[black_speech_dialects|Neo Black Speech dialects]] suffix //-at// was used for [[grammar_infinitive|infinitives]], taken from literal translation of [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]]. But on year 2007 in the issue 17 of journal "Parma Eldalamberon" it's  analysis by J.R.R. Tolkien himself was published. And there was stated that //-at// was suffix of some sort of [[grammar_participle|participle]], but with another translation into gerund. So by combination of appliances as participle, gerund and infinitive it resembles Latin's //Gerundive//.
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 In Latin **//Gerundive//** is the form of [[grammar_verb|verb]] that functions as [[syntax_determiner|verbal adjective]]. There is no full equivalent of gerundive in English. The closest translation is a clause with infinitive such as "books to be read", combining a transitive verbs with it's object with a sense of obligation. Another translation is verb with prefix "must-" as in "must-read book".
-[[Nûrlâm]]'s gerundive is neither a full equivalent of Latin's (or closer to late Latin where it was mixed with participles). The term was adopted as the closest one to Tolkien's definition of suffix //-at// found in Ring Inscription. Latin gerundives were used more frequently with passive meaning and as [[syntax_predicate#Compound predicate|predicative]]. In Ring Inscription it's used as active adjectival phrase ("ring to rule them all"). Gerundive in Nûrlâm **always** have a sense of obligation, purpose or future action, thus changing [[grammar_mood|modality]] of expression into some irrealis mood. Passive function of gerundive must be clarified with object in [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]]. Compare "durbatulûk" (to rule them all) with "durbat takirzi" (to be ruled by them).
+[[Nûrlâm]]'s gerundive is neither a full equivalent of Latin's (or closer to late Latin where it was mixed with participles). The term was adopted as the closest one to Tolkien's definition of suffix //-at// found in Ring Inscription. Latin gerundives were used more frequently with passive meaning and as [[syntax_predicate#Compound predicate|predicative]]. In Ring Inscription it's used as active adjectival phrase ("ring to rule them all"). Gerundive in Nûrlâm **always** have a sense of obligation, purpose or future action, thus changing [[grammar_mood|modality]] of expression into some irrealis mood. Passive function of gerundive must be clarified with verb "to be" (= "kul") and object in [[case_instrumental|instrumental case]] (if present). Compare "durbatulûk" (to rule them all) with "kul durbat takirzi" (is to be ruled by them).
 So functions of gerundive in Black Speech and it's translations include:
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     - infinitive of purpose or Latin's //supin// (also expresses purpose), including expressions like "in order to": "Gimaug khîgut __skâtat__ Ashûk Urun ârshirzi Durinob" => "You must hurry __to reach__ the Lonely Mountain by Durin's day" = "In order to reach the Lonely Mountain by Durin's day, you must hurry";
     - passive infinitive ("golug (kulâ) dogat" = "elf (is) to be killed"); should be clarified with verb "kul" (to be) or agent in instrumental case;
-    - English future (perfect) continuous tense or expressions like "going to", "about to" + infinitive. "Da(kul) dogatûk ash golug" = "I'm going to kill an elf" = "I am about to kill an elf" = "I will have been killing an elf". May be replaced with Prospective [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] or in [[syntax_analytic|analytical language]] with verb "pant-" (to intend) + main verb in infinitive form;
+    - expressions like "going to", "about to" + infinitive: "Da(kul) dogatûk ash golug" = "I'm going to kill an elf" = "I am about to kill an elf". May be replaced with Prospective [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] or in [[syntax_analytic|analytical language]] with verb "pant-" (to intend) + main verb in infinitive form;
   - necessity:
     - verb "must" with passive verb/participle: "Gunduzg (kulâ) shadat " => "Gondor must be destroyed";
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   - [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal sentences]] (like "It's time to go" => "Il ukhat");
   - verbal adjective (like "edible", "adorable", etc.), may be replaced with one of examples from point 1 (e.g. "edible fruit" = "fruit for eating" = "fruit to eat" = "gau thokhat");
-  - jussive modality (similar to imperative mood) in dependent clause after 3rd person orders using such verbs as "command", "order", "demand", "insist", "request", "recommend", "propose", "suggest": ("Morgoth demands that you bring him hobbits alive" = "Morgoth thukhulâtaf thrak__at__an piraga kîbûrz");
+  - jussive modality (similar to imperative mood) in dependent clause after 3rd person orders using such verbs as "command", "order", "demand", "insist", "request", "recommend", "propose", "suggest": ("Morgoth demands that you bring him hobbits alive" = "Morgoth thukhûlâtaf thrak__at__an piraga kîbûrz");
-  - in questions after "Why" and answers to them: "Why did you kill a dragon? - To earn the reward" => "Mûr fidoguz ash lûg? - Gamb__at__ raunum". This application is related to points 1 and 2;
+  - in questions after "Why" and answers to them: "Why did you kill a dragon? -- To earn the reward" => "Mûr fidoguz ash lûg? -- Gamb__at__ raunum". This application is related to points 1 and 2;
-  - future passive or future participle in languages that have them: "The elf will be executed" => "Golugum kubâ dûmbat".
+  - future passive or future participle in languages that have them: "The elf will be executed" => "Golugum kubâ dûmbat";
+  - English future (perfect) continuous tense: "Dakub gorgat ash golug" => "I will have been butchering an elf".
 As it is seen in Ring Inscription, gerundives can take pronominal objective suffix (e.g. //gimbat__ul__//).
-Gerundives do not take case endings. Gerundives rarely used as predicative in Nûrlâm except verb "kul" (to be) + gerundive, however verb "kul" is usually omitted in present tense (= "matters of taste should not be debated", lit. "tastes are not for debating" => "shaub (kulû) nartishugbat"). Please note that gerundive is not used together with future form "kub" (= "will") of the verb "to be", as it already marks the future tense.
+Gerundives do not take case endings. Gerundives rarely used as predicative in Nûrlâm except verb "kul" (to be) + gerundive, however verb "kul" is usually omitted in present tense (= "matters of taste should not be debated", lit. "tastes are not for debating" => "shaub (kulû) nartishugbat"). Please note, as gerundive already marks the future tense, it is rarely used together with future form "kub" (= "will") of the verb "to be".
+^ The form of verb "kul" = "to be" ^ Usage ^
+| Past (kuz) | intention or purpose in the past: "I was going to kill a dragon" => "Dakuz dogat ash lûg" |
+| ::: | necessisty in the past: "It was necessary to kill him" => "Kuzâ bolkarz dogatan" |
+| Present (kul) | in most cases, especially descriptive function |
+| Future (kub) | future passive: "It will be done" => "Kubâ krampat" |
+| ::: | future (perfect) continuous: "Next month, the war will have been lasting for 13 years" => "Shi shilab gothum kubâ frunat furn nukrig lau" |
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