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--- grammar_case [2021/01/06 20:29] – [Relation of locative cases] morgoth
+++ grammar_case [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 //**Case**// is special grammatical form of [[grammar_noun|nouns]] and [[pronouns]] expressing their role in syntax and semantics of sentence. Usually languages with case system a little bit complex than English also apply cases to adjectives, numerals and other lexical categories able to function as object or subject. [[Nûrlâm]] has no agreement in case with them. However numerals have some case endings with special meaning.
-Nûrlâm has 14 cases formed mostly by [[adpositions|postpositions]] which are usually translated into English as prepositions, which makes interpretation of cases much easier than one can expect from their quantity. The exception is Accusative case ending, which has no separate meaning thus making it suffix rather than postposition. The case system is very close to that of Finno-Ugric (Uralic) languages, some languages of Caucasus and extinct Hurrian language which has some similarity with Tolkien's Black Speech. Case postpositions are the same for all lexical categories using them, but are different for two existing [[declension classes]] and many pronouns have special forms.
+Nûrlâm has 14 cases formed mostly by [[adpositions|postpositions]] which are usually translated into English as prepositions, which makes interpretation of cases much easier than one can expect from their quantity. The exception is Accusative case ending, which has no separate meaning thus making it suffix rather than postposition. The case system is very close to that of Finno-Ugric (Uralic) languages, some languages of Caucasus and extinct [[hurrian_hypothesis|Hurrian language]] which has some similarity with Tolkien's Black Speech. There is also some resemblance with Quenya's case system, which was also inspired by Finnish language. Case postpositions are the same for all lexical categories using them, but are different for two existing [[declension classes]] and many pronouns have special forms.
 Certain [[grammar_verb|verbs]] require their objects to be in specific case or may even change their meaning depending on object's case.
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
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 ==== Relation of locative cases ====
-{{}}
+The table below shows better the distinction between various [[:case_locative|locative cases]]:
-The table below shows better the distinction between various locative cases:
+{{page>include:locative_case_summary}}
-^  Status of motion              ^  Position in space  ^||
-^ :::                            ^  Interior  ^  Surface  ^  Between  ^
-|  **approaching**,\\ entering,\\ motion to  |  Illative\\ **//-ishi//**   |  Allative\\ **//-u//**   | |
-|  **stationary**                |  Inessive\\ **//-or//**     |  Adessive\\ **//-ir//**  |  Intrative\\ **//-ri//**  |
-|  **departing**,\\ motion from  |  Elative\\ **//-ah//**      |  Ablative\\ **//-bo//**  | |
 However, while the difference between Illative and Allative cases is usually clear and easy to catch, with other pairs it's often not, so some practice and memorization is needed.
 --------------------------------
 ==== Case forms of pronouns ====
@@ Line 43: / Line 39: @@
   - merging //Adessive// and //Inessive// cases for declension class II (same ending //-r// instead of //-zir// and //-zor//), later they merged also for declension class I into general Locative case (in form of Inessive //-or//).
   - abandoning of //locative// cases except //Allative// and //Illative//.
-  - only 7 cases are left in Svartiska: //Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Inessive// (took ending of Illative), //Locative, Similative// (Essive). Some of them have endings different from Nûrlâm's.
+  - only 7 cases are left in [[black_speech_dialects#svartiska|Svartiska]]: //Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Inessive// (took ending of Illative), //Locative, Similative// (Essive). Some of them have endings different from Nûrlâm's.
-  - Shadowlandian dialect does not name postpositions as cases but still have special grammatical meanings of remaining ones. It uses the form of Allative case as Dative at least for pronouns. So, five cases (//Nominative, Genitive, Dative-Allative, Instrumental, Illative//) plus special form of //Accusative// for pronouns left in Shadowlandian.
+  - [[[black_speech_dialects#shadowlandian|Shadowlandian]] dialect does not name postpositions as cases but still have special grammatical meanings of remaining ones. It uses the form of Allative case as Dative at least for pronouns. So, five cases (//Nominative, Genitive, Dative-Allative, Instrumental, Illative//) plus special form of //Accusative// for pronouns left in Shadowlandian.
   - in Colloquial Svartiska only four cases (//Nominative, Genitive, Inessive-Illative// and sometimes //Dative//) are left according to [[https://books.google.ru/books?id=SOF7m2m3AXcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&redir_esc=y&hl=ru#v=twopage&q&f=false|Arda Philology 1]]
   - no cases in [[Orcish curse]]. Probably, //Genitive// is still used sometimes as //Possessive// case. In Shadowlandian only 3rd person singular pronouns kept distinct //Objective// case form (same as Accusative but used for all other cases).

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